SUCCESSION

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a universal process of directional change in vegetation, on an ecological time scale. occurs when a series of communities replace one another due to large scale destruction either natural or manmade.

continously -one community replacing another community, until a stable, mature community develops.

The first plant to colonise an area is called the pioneer community. The final stage of succession iscalled the climax community.

The stage leading to the climax community are called successional stages

or seres. characterised by the following: increased productivity, the shift of nutrients from’ the reservoirs, increased diversity of organisms with increased Niche development, and a gradual increase in the complexity of food webs.

Primary Succession

In primary succession on a terrestrial site the new site is first colonized by a few hardy pioneer species that are often microbes, lichens and mosses.

The pioneers through their death any decay leave patches of organic matter in which small animals can live.

The organic matter produced by these pioneer species produce organic adds during decomposition that dissolve and etch the substratum releasing nutrients to the substratum. Organic debris accumulates in pockets and crevices, providing Soil  in which seeds can become lodged and grow.

As the community of organisms continues to develop, it becomes more diverse and competition increases, but at the same time new niche opportunities develops.

The pioneer species disappear as the habitat conditions change and invasion of new species progresses, leading to the replacement of the preceding community.

Secondary Succession

Secondary Succession occurs when Plants recognize an area in which the climax community has been disturbed.

Secondary Succession  is the sequential development of biotic communities after the complete or partial destruction of the existing community.

This abandoned farmland is first invaded by hardy species of Grasses that can survive in bare, sun-baked soil. These grasses may be soon joined by tall grasses and herbaceous plants.

These dominate the ecosystem for some years along with mice, rabbits, insects and seed- eating birds.

 

Eventually, some trees come up in this area, seeds of which may be brought by wind or animals. And over the years, a forest community develops. Thus an abandoned farmland over a period becomes dominated by trees and is transformed into a forest.

The differences between primary and secondary succession, the secondary succession starts on a well-developed soil already formed at the site. Thus secondary succession is relatively faster as compared to primary succession which may often require hundreds of years.

Autogenic and Allogenic Succession

When succession is brought about by living inhabitants of that community itself, the process is called autogenic succession, while change brought about by outside forces is known as allogenic succession.

Autotrophic and Heterotrophic succession

Succession in which, initially the green plants are much greater in quantity is known as autotrophic succession;  and the ones in which the heterotrophs are greater in quantity is known as heterotrophic succession.

Succession would occur faster in area existing in the middle of the large continent. This is because, here all prop gules or seeds of plants belonging to the different seres would reach much faster, establish and ultimately result in climax community.,

Succession planning is the process of identifying and developing individuals to fill key positions in an organization in the event of an unexpected departure. It is a critical part of any organization’s long-term success, as it helps to ensure that there is always a pool of qualified individuals ready to step into Leadership roles.

There are many benefits to succession planning, including:

• Increased organizational stability: When key positions are filled by qualified individuals, it helps to reduce the risk of disruption or instability in the organization.
• Improved morale: Employees are more likely to be satisfied and productive when they feel confident that there is a clear path for advancement within the organization.
• Reduced costs: Succession planning can help to reduce the costs associated with recruiting and hiring new employees.
• Increased innovation: When employees feel confident that they have the opportunity to grow and develop within the organization, they are more likely to be innovative and take risks.

There are a number of steps involved in succession planning, including:

1. Identifying key positions: The first step is to identify the key positions in the organization. These are the positions that are essential to the organization’s success and that would be difficult to fill if they were suddenly vacated.
2. Developing a pool of qualified candidates: Once the key positions have been identified, the next step is to develop a pool of qualified candidates who could fill those positions. This can be done through a variety of methods, such as internal promotions, external recruitment, and employee development programs.
3. Evaluating candidates: The next step is to evaluate the candidates in the pool and identify the ones who are the best fit for the key positions. This can be done through a variety of methods, such as interviews, assessments, and reference checks.
4. Developing a succession plan: The final step is to develop a succession plan for each key position. This plan should identify the specific steps that will be taken to ensure that the position is filled in the event of an unexpected departure.

Succession planning is an ongoing process that should be regularly reviewed and updated. As the organization grows and changes, the key positions and the pool of qualified candidates will also change. It is important to keep the succession plan up-to-date to ensure that it is always meeting the needs of the organization.

There are a number of challenges that can make it difficult to implement a successful succession plan. These challenges include:

• Lack of Resources: Succession planning can be a time-consuming and expensive process. Organizations may not have the resources to dedicate to succession planning, or they may not see the value in it.
• Lack of commitment from senior management: Succession planning is only successful if it has the full support of senior management. If senior management is not committed to succession planning, it is unlikely to be successful.
• Lack of buy-in from employees: Employees need to be aware of the importance of succession planning and they need to be willing to participate in the process. If employees are not on board with succession planning, it is unlikely to be successful.
• Lack of qualified candidates: It can be difficult to find qualified candidates to fill key positions. This is especially true in times of economic uncertainty, when there are more job seekers than there are jobs.

Despite the challenges, succession planning is an essential part of any organization’s long-term success. By taking the time to develop a well-thought-out succession plan, organizations can reduce the risk of disruption and instability, improve morale, reduce costs, and increase innovation.

What is a business succession plan?

A business succession plan is a strategy for transferring ownership and control of a business to the next generation or to another party. It can include a variety of Elements, such as choosing a successor, transferring assets, and preparing the business for sale.

Why is a business succession plan important?

A business succession plan is important for several reasons. First, it can help to ensure the continuity of the business. If the owner of a business dies or becomes incapacitated, without a succession plan, the business may be forced to close. Second, a succession plan can help to protect the interests of the owner’s family and employees. Third, a succession plan can help to maximize the value of the business.

What are the steps involved in creating a business succession plan?

The steps involved in creating a business succession plan will vary depending on the specific circumstances of the business. However, some common steps include:

1. Identifying the successor. The first step is to identify the person or people who will take over the business. This may be a family member, an employee, or an outside party.
2. Transferring assets. The next step is to transfer ownership of the business assets to the successor. This may involve transferring ownership of the business itself, as well as any other assets, such as real estate, equipment, and inventory.
3. Preparing the business for sale. If the successor is not a family member or an employee, the business may need to be prepared for sale. This may involve restructuring the business, improving its financial performance, and Marketing it to potential buyers.
4. Communicating the plan to key stakeholders. Once the succession plan is in place, it is important to communicate it to key stakeholders, such as employees, customers, and suppliers. This will help to ensure that everyone is aware of the plan and that they are prepared for the transition.

What are the benefits of having a business succession plan?

There are several benefits to having a business succession plan. First, it can help to ensure the continuity of the business. If the owner of a business dies or becomes incapacitated, without a succession plan, the business may be forced to close. Second, a succession plan can help to protect the interests of the owner’s family and employees. Third, a succession plan can help to maximize the value of the business.

What are the risks of not having a business succession plan?

There are several risks associated with not having a business succession plan. First, the business may be forced to close if the owner dies or becomes incapacitated. Second, the business may be sold at a lower price than it would be worth if there was a succession plan in place. Third, the owner’s family and employees may not be protected in the event of the owner’s death or incapacity.

How much does it cost to create a business succession plan?

The cost of creating a business succession plan will vary depending on the size and complexity of the business. However, in general, the cost of creating a basic succession plan is relatively affordable.

How long does it take to create a business succession plan?

The time it takes to create a business succession plan will vary depending on the size and complexity of the business. However, in general, it can take anywhere from a few weeks to several months to create a comprehensive succession plan.

Where can I get help creating a business succession plan?

There are a number of resources available to help businesses create succession plans. These resources include:

• Business attorneys
• Certified public accountants
• Business consultants
• The Small Business Administration

What are some common mistakes to avoid when creating a business succession plan?

Some common mistakes to avoid when creating a business succession plan include:

• Not identifying a successor.
• Not transferring ownership of assets.
• Not preparing the business for sale.
• Not communicating the plan to key stakeholders.
• Not updating the plan on a regular basis.

1. The process by which one species replaces another in an ecosystem is called:
   (A) succession
   (B) competition
   (C) predation
   (D) herbivory

2. Primary succession occurs in an area that has never been occupied by living organisms. An example of a primary succession is the colonization of a new volcanic island.
   (A) True
   (B) False

3. Secondary succession occurs in an area that has been disturbed by a disturbance, such as a fire or a flood. An example of a secondary succession is the regrowth of a forest after a fire.
   (A) True
   (B) False

4. The first stage in succession is the pioneer stage. Pioneer species are typically small, fast-growing plants that can tolerate harsh conditions.
   (A) True
   (B) False

5. The climax community is the final stage in succession. The climax community is a stable community that is in equilibrium with its Environment.
   (A) True
   (B) False

6. The rate of succession is affected by the following factors:
   (A) the type of disturbance
   (B) the Climate
   (C) the soil type
   (D) all of the above

7. The following are examples of disturbances that can cause secondary succession:
   (A) fire
   (B) flood
   (C) deforestation
   (D) all of the above

8. The following are examples of pioneer species:
   (A) lichens
   (B) mosses
   (C) grasses
   (D) all of the above

9. The following are examples of climax communities:
   (A) a forest
   (B) a Grassland
   (C) a desert
   (D) all of the above

10. Succession is a natural process that helps to maintain the balance of Ecosystems.
    (A) True
    (B) False