The Many Faces of Bharatanatyam: Exploring the Diverse Styles
Bharatanatyam, the classical dance form of Tamil Nadu, India, is a captivating tapestry woven with intricate movements, expressive gestures, and profound storytelling. Beyond its technical brilliance, Bharatanatyam boasts a rich diversity of styles, each reflecting the unique artistic vision and cultural context of its origin. This article delves into the fascinating world of Bharatanatyam styles, exploring their historical roots, key characteristics, and the renowned exponents who have shaped their evolution.
1. The Tanjore Style: A Legacy of Tradition
The Tanjore style, named after the historic city of Tanjore in Tamil Nadu, is widely considered the most traditional and influential style of Bharatanatyam. Its roots lie in the ancient Natya Shastra, the foundational text of Indian classical dance, and its development is closely linked to the patronage of the Maratha rulers of Tanjore in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Key Characteristics:
- Emphasis on Natya Shastra: The Tanjore style adheres strictly to the principles and techniques outlined in the Natya Shastra, emphasizing the importance of rhythmic precision, intricate footwork, and expressive hand gestures (mudras).
- Formal and Structured: Performances are typically structured around a set repertoire of items, including alarippu, jatiswaram, shabdam, and padam, each with specific rhythmic patterns and thematic content.
- Focus on Devotion: The Tanjore style is deeply rooted in Hindu mythology and devotional themes, with many compositions dedicated to deities like Shiva, Vishnu, and Krishna.
Renowned Exponents:
- The Thanjavur Quartet: This legendary group of four dancers â Chinnayya, Ponnaiah, Sivanandam, and Vadivelu â played a pivotal role in reviving and popularizing Bharatanatyam in the 19th century.
- Balasaraswati: A renowned dancer and choreographer of the 20th century, Balasaraswati was known for her exquisite grace, emotional depth, and innovative interpretations of traditional compositions.
- Kalanidhi Narayanan: A leading exponent of the Tanjore style, Narayanan is known for his meticulous adherence to tradition and his profound understanding of the Natya Shastra.
Table 1: Key Features of the Tanjore Style
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Origin | Tanjore, Tamil Nadu |
| Historical Context | Patronage of Maratha rulers |
| Key Influences | Natya Shastra, traditional repertoire |
| Style | Formal, structured, emphasis on tradition |
| Themes | Hindu mythology, devotion |
| Notable Exponents | Thanjavur Quartet, Balasaraswati, Kalanidhi Narayanan |
2. The Kalakshetra Style: A Modern Renaissance
The Kalakshetra style, developed by the renowned dancer and choreographer Rukmini Devi Arundale, emerged in the early 20th century as a response to the decline of Bharatanatyam during British colonial rule. It sought to revitalize the art form by incorporating elements of modern dance and theatre while staying true to its classical roots.
Key Characteristics:
- Emphasis on Artistic Expression: The Kalakshetra style encourages individual interpretation and creative expression, allowing dancers to explore the emotional nuances of the compositions.
- Integration of Modern Techniques: It incorporates elements of modern dance, such as contemporary choreography and stage design, to enhance the visual and dramatic impact of the performances.
- Focus on Storytelling: The Kalakshetra style emphasizes the narrative aspect of Bharatanatyam, using dance to tell stories from mythology, literature, and everyday life.
Renowned Exponents:
- Rukmini Devi Arundale: The founder of Kalakshetra, Arundale was a visionary artist who revolutionized Bharatanatyam by infusing it with a modern sensibility.
- S.P. Balasubrahmanyam: A renowned singer and actor, Balasubrahmanyam has been a long-time supporter of Kalakshetra and has collaborated with the institution on numerous projects.
- Leela Samson: A former director of Kalakshetra, Samson is known for her graceful performances and her contributions to the development of the Kalakshetra style.
Table 2: Key Features of the Kalakshetra Style
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Origin | Kalakshetra, Chennai |
| Historical Context | Revival of Bharatanatyam in the 20th century |
| Key Influences | Rukmini Devi Arundale, modern dance techniques |
| Style | Expressive, innovative, focus on storytelling |
| Themes | Mythology, literature, everyday life |
| Notable Exponents | Rukmini Devi Arundale, S.P. Balasubrahmanyam, Leela Samson |
3. The Pandanallur Style: A Legacy of Grace and Precision
The Pandanallur style, named after the village of Pandanallur in Tamil Nadu, is known for its elegant and refined movements, emphasizing grace and precision. It is characterized by its intricate footwork, fluid hand gestures, and a focus on rhythmic complexity.
Key Characteristics:
- Emphasis on Grace and Precision: The Pandanallur style prioritizes the beauty and fluidity of movement, with dancers executing intricate steps and gestures with remarkable precision.
- Focus on Rhythmic Complexity: The style features a wide range of rhythmic patterns and variations, demanding a high level of technical proficiency from dancers.
- Traditional Repertoire: The Pandanallur style maintains a strong connection to the traditional repertoire of Bharatanatyam, including compositions from the Natya Shastra and other ancient texts.
Renowned Exponents:
- Pandanallur Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai: A legendary dancer and choreographer, Pillai played a pivotal role in preserving and promoting the Pandanallur style in the 20th century.
- Pandanallur Nachiar: A renowned dancer and teacher, Nachiar is known for her elegant and expressive performances and her dedication to the Pandanallur tradition.
- Pandanallur S.K. Balasubramaniam: A leading exponent of the Pandanallur style, Balasubramaniam is known for his meticulous technique and his ability to convey complex emotions through his dance.
Table 3: Key Features of the Pandanallur Style
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Origin | Pandanallur, Tamil Nadu |
| Historical Context | Long-standing tradition in the village of Pandanallur |
| Key Influences | Ancient texts, traditional repertoire |
| Style | Graceful, precise, emphasis on rhythmic complexity |
| Themes | Mythology, devotion, storytelling |
| Notable Exponents | Pandanallur Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai, Pandanallur Nachiar, Pandanallur S.K. Balasubramaniam |
4. The Mysore Style: A Blend of Tradition and Innovation
The Mysore style, originating from the city of Mysore in Karnataka, is known for its unique blend of traditional elements and innovative interpretations. It draws inspiration from the Tanjore style but incorporates elements of other classical dance forms, such as Kuchipudi and Odissi, to create a distinct and dynamic style.
Key Characteristics:
- Fusion of Styles: The Mysore style blends elements of the Tanjore style with influences from other classical dance forms, resulting in a unique and eclectic approach.
- Emphasis on Expression: The style encourages dancers to express their individuality and creativity, allowing for a wider range of interpretations and emotional nuances.
- Focus on Choreography: The Mysore style is known for its innovative choreography, with dancers often creating their own compositions and variations on traditional pieces.
Renowned Exponents:
- K.L. Krishnamurthy: A renowned dancer and choreographer, Krishnamurthy played a key role in developing the Mysore style and introducing it to a wider audience.
- S.K. Balasubramaniam: A leading exponent of the Mysore style, Balasubramaniam is known for his dynamic performances and his ability to seamlessly blend traditional and modern elements.
- R.K. Shanthi: A renowned dancer and teacher, Shanthi is known for her graceful performances and her contributions to the development of the Mysore style.
Table 4: Key Features of the Mysore Style
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Origin | Mysore, Karnataka |
| Historical Context | Influence of Tanjore style and other classical dance forms |
| Key Influences | Tanjore style, Kuchipudi, Odissi |
| Style | Eclectic, expressive, focus on choreography |
| Themes | Mythology, devotion, storytelling |
| Notable Exponents | K.L. Krishnamurthy, S.K. Balasubramaniam, R.K. Shanthi |
5. The Contemporary Styles: A Fusion of Tradition and Modernity
In recent decades, a new wave of contemporary styles has emerged within Bharatanatyam, reflecting the changing artistic landscape and the desire to explore new forms of expression. These styles often draw inspiration from modern dance, theatre, and other art forms, while maintaining a strong connection to the classical roots of Bharatanatyam.
Key Characteristics:
- Fusion of Traditional and Modern Elements: Contemporary styles blend traditional Bharatanatyam techniques with elements of modern dance, theatre, and other art forms.
- Emphasis on Innovation and Experimentation: These styles encourage dancers to push the boundaries of traditional Bharatanatyam, exploring new forms of movement, choreography, and storytelling.
- Focus on Contemporary Themes: Contemporary styles often address contemporary issues and themes, reflecting the social and cultural realities of the present day.
Renowned Exponents:
- Malavika Sarukkai: A leading exponent of contemporary Bharatanatyam, Sarukkai is known for her innovative choreography and her ability to seamlessly blend tradition and modernity.
- Anuradha Vikranth: A renowned dancer and choreographer, Vikranth is known for her powerful performances and her exploration of contemporary themes through Bharatanatyam.
- Astad Deboo: A renowned dancer and choreographer, Deboo has incorporated elements of Bharatanatyam into his contemporary dance works, creating a unique and captivating fusion.
Table 5: Key Features of Contemporary Styles
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Origin | Contemporary India |
| Historical Context | Influence of modern dance, theatre, and other art forms |
| Key Influences | Traditional Bharatanatyam, modern dance, theatre |
| Style | Innovative, experimental, focus on contemporary themes |
| Themes | Social issues, cultural realities, personal experiences |
| Notable Exponents | Malavika Sarukkai, Anuradha Vikranth, Astad Deboo |
Conclusion: A Tapestry of Styles
The diverse styles of Bharatanatyam are a testament to the art form’s enduring legacy and its ability to adapt and evolve over time. From the traditional elegance of the Tanjore style to the innovative fusion of the contemporary styles, each style offers a unique perspective on the rich and complex world of Bharatanatyam. As the art form continues to evolve, it is certain that new styles and interpretations will emerge, further enriching the tapestry of Bharatanatyam and ensuring its continued relevance in the 21st century.
Frequently Asked Questions on Styles of Bharatanatyam:
1. What are the main styles of Bharatanatyam?
The main styles of Bharatanatyam are:
- Tanjore Style: The most traditional and influential style, emphasizing adherence to the Natya Shastra.
- Kalakshetra Style: A modern revival style emphasizing artistic expression and storytelling.
- Pandanallur Style: Known for its elegant and refined movements, emphasizing grace and precision.
- Mysore Style: A blend of tradition and innovation, incorporating elements from other classical dance forms.
- Contemporary Styles: A fusion of traditional and modern elements, exploring new forms of expression and contemporary themes.
2. What are the key differences between the styles?
The styles differ in their emphasis on:
- Adherence to tradition: Tanjore style is the most traditional, while contemporary styles are more experimental.
- Artistic expression: Kalakshetra style encourages individual interpretation, while Tanjore style is more formal.
- Rhythmic complexity: Pandanallur style emphasizes intricate footwork and rhythmic variations.
- Choreography: Mysore style is known for its innovative choreography, while Tanjore style relies on traditional repertoire.
- Themes: Contemporary styles often address contemporary issues, while traditional styles focus on mythology and devotion.
3. Which style is the “best”?
There is no “best” style, as each style offers a unique and valuable perspective on Bharatanatyam. The choice of style depends on personal preference and artistic goals.
4. How can I learn about different styles?
- Attend performances: Watch performances by renowned exponents of different styles.
- Read books and articles: Explore resources on the history and characteristics of each style.
- Take classes: Learn from teachers who specialize in different styles.
- Watch videos online: Access a wealth of information and performances online.
5. Are there any other styles of Bharatanatyam?
While the five main styles are the most prominent, there are other regional variations and sub-styles within Bharatanatyam, reflecting the diverse cultural landscape of South India.
6. How do the styles influence each other?
The styles influence each other through:
- Cross-pollination of techniques: Dancers and choreographers often draw inspiration from different styles.
- Evolution of the art form: New styles emerge as a response to changing artistic trends and societal influences.
- Shared heritage: All styles are rooted in the same classical tradition, sharing common elements and principles.
7. What is the future of Bharatanatyam styles?
The future of Bharatanatyam styles is likely to be characterized by:
- Continued innovation: New styles and interpretations will continue to emerge.
- Fusion of traditions: Cross-pollination between styles will continue to shape the art form.
- Global reach: Bharatanatyam styles will continue to be performed and appreciated worldwide.
8. How can I learn more about Bharatanatyam?
There are many resources available to learn more about Bharatanatyam, including:
- Websites: Websites dedicated to Bharatanatyam, such as the Kalakshetra Foundation website.
- Books: Books on the history, theory, and practice of Bharatanatyam.
- Documentaries: Documentaries exploring the art form and its different styles.
- Workshops and classes: Attend workshops and classes offered by renowned dancers and teachers.
9. What is the significance of studying different styles?
Studying different styles of Bharatanatyam provides a deeper understanding of the art form’s rich history, diverse traditions, and evolving nature. It also allows dancers to broaden their artistic horizons and explore different forms of expression.
10. How can I contribute to the preservation and evolution of Bharatanatyam styles?
- Support artists and institutions: Attend performances, donate to organizations, and promote the art form.
- Learn and practice: Study different styles and share your knowledge with others.
- Engage in dialogue: Participate in discussions and debates about the future of Bharatanatyam.
- Create and innovate: Develop new interpretations and choreographies that push the boundaries of the art form.
By engaging with the diverse styles of Bharatanatyam, we can appreciate the art form’s enduring legacy and its potential for continued growth and innovation.
Here are some multiple-choice questions (MCQs) about Styles of Bharatanatyam, with four options each:
1. Which style of Bharatanatyam is considered the most traditional and influential?
a) Kalakshetra Style
b) Pandanallur Style
c) Tanjore Style
d) Mysore Style
2. Which style is known for its emphasis on grace and precision in movements?
a) Tanjore Style
b) Kalakshetra Style
c) Pandanallur Style
d) Contemporary Styles
3. Which style is characterized by its innovative choreography and fusion of different dance forms?
a) Tanjore Style
b) Pandanallur Style
c) Mysore Style
d) Contemporary Styles
4. Who is considered the founder of the Kalakshetra style?
a) Balasaraswati
b) Rukmini Devi Arundale
c) Pandanallur Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai
d) K.L. Krishnamurthy
5. Which style emphasizes artistic expression and storytelling?
a) Tanjore Style
b) Kalakshetra Style
c) Pandanallur Style
d) Mysore Style
6. Which style is known for its strict adherence to the principles of the Natya Shastra?
a) Kalakshetra Style
b) Pandanallur Style
c) Tanjore Style
d) Contemporary Styles
7. Which style often incorporates elements of modern dance and theatre?
a) Tanjore Style
b) Pandanallur Style
c) Mysore Style
d) Contemporary Styles
8. Which style is associated with the village of Pandanallur in Tamil Nadu?
a) Tanjore Style
b) Pandanallur Style
c) Mysore Style
d) Kalakshetra Style
9. Which style is known for its intricate footwork and rhythmic complexity?
a) Tanjore Style
b) Pandanallur Style
c) Mysore Style
d) Contemporary Styles
10. Which style is often associated with contemporary themes and social issues?
a) Tanjore Style
b) Pandanallur Style
c) Mysore Style
d) Contemporary Styles
Answers:
- c) Tanjore Style
- c) Pandanallur Style
- c) Mysore Style
- b) Rukmini Devi Arundale
- b) Kalakshetra Style
- c) Tanjore Style
- d) Contemporary Styles
- b) Pandanallur Style
- b) Pandanallur Style
- d) Contemporary Styles