<–2/”>a >1781: Hastings set up the Calcutta Madrasah for the study and teaching of Muslim law and related subjects
1791: Jonathan Duncan started a Sanskrit College at Varanasi for the study of Hindu law and philosophy.
1813: Charter of 1813 directed the Company to spend Rs. 1 lakh for promoting modern sciences in the country. This sum was however made available only in 1823.
1835: Macaulay’s minute.
English was made the medium of instruction in schools. Education of masses was however neglected. British advocated the ‘downward filtration theory’ for education. As per this theory, since the allocated funds could educate only a handful of Indians, it was decided to spend them in educating a few persons from the upper and middle classes who were expected to assume the task of educating the masses and spreading modern ideas among them.
1844: Compulsion for applicants for government EMPLOYMENT to possess knowledge of English. This made the English medium schools more popular.
1854: Wood’s Dispatch asked the government of India to assume responsibility for the education of the masses. It thus repudiated the ‘downward filtration theory’. As a result, Departments of Education were instituted in all provinces and universities were setup in 1857 at Madras, Calcutta and Bombay.
The main reason why British adopted some measures towards education in India was because:
- They needed educated people to man their system of administration. It was not possible to get enough Englishmen to man all the posts.
- Another important motive was the belief that educated Indians would help expand the market for British manufactures in India.
- Lastly, it was expected to reconcile the people of India to British rule.
Major drawbacks of the English education system:
- Neglect of mass education. Mass Literacy in India was hardly better in 1921 than in 1821. High fees in schools and colleges led to the education becoming a monopoly of the rich.
- Almost total neglect of the education of girls. As late as 1921 only 2 percent Indian Women could read and write.
- Neglect of scientific and technical education.
- The government was never willing to spend more than a scanty sum on education.
Development of Education
- Charter Act of 1813
- Sanctioned 1 lakh rupees annually for promoting education and modern sciences
- Not made available till 1823
- Orientalist-Anglicist Controversy
- Lord Macaulay’s minute (1835)
- Wood’s Despatch (1854)
- Rejected the downward filtration theory
- Asked the government of India to assume the responsibility of education of the masses
- English as medium for higher studies and vernaculars at school level
- 1857: University of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras
- Hunter Commission (1882-83)
- State care required for promotion and spread of primary and secondary education
- Transfer control of primary education to district and municipal boards
- Raleigh Commission, 1902
- Universities Act 1904
- Saddler Education Commission (1917-19)
- School course should cover 12 years
- Less rigidity in framing university regulations
- Hartog Committee (1929)
- No hasty expansion or compulsion of education
- Wardha Scheme of basic education (1937)
- Vocation based education
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The Spread of Modern Education in India is a complex and multifaceted topic. It can be traced back to the early days of British rule, when the East India Company began to establish schools and colleges in India. The Wood’s Despatch of 1854 was a major turning point in the history of education in India, as it laid out a comprehensive plan for the development of education in the country. The spread of English education was one of the most significant consequences of the Wood’s Despatch, as it led to the creation of a new class of English-educated Indians. The development of vernacular education was another important development, as it helped to promote education in the local languages. The rise of national education was a reaction to the perceived dominance of English education, and it led to the establishment of a number of national schools and colleges. The impact of modern education on Society/”>Indian Society was profound, as it helped to create a new generation of Indians who were educated in Western ideas and values. The challenges and prospects of modern education in India are many, but they are also exciting. The country faces the challenge of providing quality education to all its citizens, while also ensuring that education is relevant to the needs of the 21st century.
The East India Company was a British trading company that was granted a monopoly on trade with India in 1600. The company began to establish schools and colleges in India in the early 18th century, in order to train Indians to work for the company. The first English school in India was established in 1701 in Madras. The company also established a number of colleges, including the College of Fort William in Calcutta (1781), the Elphinstone College in Bombay (1827), and the Presidency College in Madras (1857).
The Wood’s Despatch of 1854 was a major turning point in the history of education in India. The despatch was written by Lord Thomas Macaulay, who was the President of the Board of Control for India. The despatch laid out a comprehensive plan for the Development of education in India. It recommended that the government should establish a system of education that would provide Indians with a Western education. The despatch also recommended that the government should promote the study of English.
The spread of English education was one of the most significant consequences of the Wood’s Despatch. English education was seen as a way to modernize India and to create a new class of English-educated Indians who could help to administer the country. The government established a number of English schools and colleges, and private individuals also established a number of English schools. The spread of English education led to the creation of a new class of English-educated Indians who were known as the “bhadralok”. The bhadralok played a leading role in the Indian independence movement.
The development of vernacular education was another important development in the history of education in India. The Wood’s Despatch had recommended that the government should promote the study of vernacular languages. The government established a number of vernacular schools and colleges, and private individuals also established a number of vernacular schools. The development of vernacular education helped to promote education in the local languages and to create a sense of national identity among Indians.
The rise of national education was a reaction to the perceived dominance of English education. The national education movement was led by Indian nationalists who believed that English education was not relevant to the needs of India. They argued that India needed a system of education that would be based on Indian values and culture. The national education movement led to the establishment of a number of national schools and colleges.
The impact of modern education on Indian society was profound. Modern education helped to create a new generation of Indians who were educated in Western ideas and values. This new generation of Indians played a leading role in the Indian independence movement. Modern education also helped to promote social and Economic Development in India.
The challenges and prospects of modern education in India are many. The country faces the challenge of providing quality education to all its citizens. The government needs to invest in education and to improve the quality of education in government schools. The country also faces the challenge of ensuring that education is relevant to the needs of the 21st century. The government needs to promote Vocational Education and to develop a system of education that will prepare Indians for the jobs of the future.
Here are some frequently asked questions and short answers about the spread of modern education:
-
What is modern education?
Modern education is a system of education that emphasizes critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity. It is based on the belief that students should be able to think for themselves and apply what they learn to real-world situations. -
When did modern education begin?
Modern education began in the 18th century, during the Age of Enlightenment. Enlightenment thinkers believed that education should be based on reason and science, rather than tradition and religion. -
Who were some of the key figures in the spread of modern education?
Some of the key figures in the spread of modern education include John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Thomas Jefferson. Locke was an English philosopher who argued that education should be based on the child’s natural development. Rousseau was a Swiss philosopher who believed that education should be child-centered and focus on the development of the child’s natural talents. Jefferson was an American statesman who founded the University of Virginia, one of the first public universities in the United States. -
What were some of the major challenges to the spread of modern education?
One of the major challenges to the spread of modern education was the opposition of religious leaders. Religious leaders often believed that modern education was a threat to their authority and to traditional values. Another challenge was the lack of Resources. In many parts of the world, there were not enough schools or teachers to provide modern education to all children. -
What were some of the major successes of the spread of modern education?
One of the major successes of the spread of modern education was the increase in literacy rates. In the 18th century, only a small Percentage of people were literate. By the 20th century, literacy rates had increased dramatically in many parts of the world. Another success was the increase in access to education for girls and women. In the 18th century, girls and women were often denied access to education. By the 20th century, girls and women were increasingly able to attend school and receive an education. -
What are some of the major challenges facing modern education today?
One of the major challenges facing modern education today is the digital divide. The digital divide refers to the gap between those who have access to technology and those who do not. This gap can have a significant impact on educational opportunities. Another challenge is the increasing cost of education. In many countries, the cost of education has been rising faster than Inflation. This has made it difficult for some families to afford to send their children to school. -
What are some of the major trends in modern education?
One of the major trends in modern education is the increasing focus on STEM education. STEM education refers to education in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. This focus is due to the growing importance of these fields in the global economy. Another trend is the increasing use of technology in education. Technology can be used to deliver instruction, provide feedback, and assess student Learning. -
What are some of the major issues in modern education?
One of the major issues in modern education is the achievement gap. The achievement gap refers to the difference in academic performance between students from different socioeconomic backgrounds. This gap is a major concern because it can have a significant impact on students’ future opportunities. Another issue is the dropout rate. The dropout rate refers to the percentage of students who do not complete high school. The dropout rate is a major concern because it can have a negative impact on students’ future prospects. -
What are some of the major solutions to the challenges facing modern education?
One of the major solutions to the challenges facing modern education is to increase access to technology. Technology can be used to deliver instruction, provide feedback, and assess student learning. Another solution is to increase funding for education. This funding can be used to improve teacher salaries, reduce class sizes, and provide more resources for students. -
What is the future of modern education?
The future of modern education is uncertain. However, it is likely that technology will continue to play an increasingly important role in education. Additionally, it is likely that there will be a focus on personalized learning and on preparing students for the 21st century workforce.
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The first Indian university to be established was:
(A) University of Calcutta
(B) University of Madras
(C) University of Bombay
(D) University of Delhi -
The Indian Education Commission of 1882 was also known as the:
(A) Hunter Commission
(B) Wood’s Despatch
(C) Macaulay’s Minute
(D) Sadler Commission -
The Indian Education Commission of 1882 was appointed by:
(A) Lord Ripon
(B) Lord Dalhousie
(C) Lord Curzon
(D) Lord Hardinge -
The main recommendations of the Indian Education Commission of 1882 were:
(A) To establish universities in all major cities
(B) To introduce English as the medium of instruction
(C) To provide free and compulsory education for all children
(D) To establish technical and vocational schools -
The Indian Education Commission of 1882 was a landmark in the history of education in India because it:
(A) Recommended the establishment of universities in all major cities
(B) Introduced English as the medium of instruction
(C) Provided free and compulsory education for all children
(D) Established technical and vocational schools -
The Indian Education Act of 1904 was passed by the:
(A) British Parliament
(B) Indian Legislative Council
(C) Viceroy’s Council
(D) Governor-General’s Council -
The Indian Education Act of 1904 was passed in response to the:
(A) Swadeshi Movement
(B) Non-Cooperation Movement
(C) Civil Disobedience Movement
(D) Quit India Movement -
The main provisions of the Indian Education Act of 1904 were:
(A) To establish a Department of Education in each province
(B) To provide free and compulsory education for all children
(C) To establish technical and vocational schools
(D) To introduce English as the medium of instruction -
The Indian Education Act of 1904 was a landmark in the history of education in India because it:
(A) Established a Department of Education in each province
(B) Provided free and compulsory education for all children
(C) Established technical and vocational schools
(D) Introduced English as the medium of instruction -
The Wardha Scheme of Education was introduced by:
(A) Mahatma Gandhi
(B) Jawaharlal Nehru
(C) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
(D) Dr. Rajendra Prasad -
The Wardha Scheme of Education was based on the principle of:
(A) Basic education
(B) Universal education
(C) Technical education
(D) Vocational education -
The main features of the Wardha Scheme of Education were:
(A) To provide free and compulsory education for all children
(B) To establish basic schools in all villages
(C) To introduce handicrafts as a part of the curriculum
(D) To make education relevant to the needs of the people -
The Wardha Scheme of Education was a landmark in the history of education in India because it:
(A) Provided free and compulsory education for all children
(B) Established basic schools in all villages
(C) Introduced handicrafts as a part of the curriculum
(D) Made education relevant to the needs of the people -
The Education Commission of 1964-66 was also known as the:
(A) Kothari Commission
(B) Mudaliar Commission
(C) Sargent Report
(D) Hartog Report -
The main recommendations of the Education Commission of 1964-66 were:
(A) To make education universal, compulsory and free
(B) To introduce a common school system
(C) To decentralize education
(D) To vocationalize education -
The Education Commission of 1964-66 was a landmark in the history of education in India because it:
(A) Made education universal, compulsory and free
(B) Introduced a common school system
(C) Decentralized education
(D) Vocationalized education -
The National Policy on Education (NPE) was adopted in:
(A) 1968
(B) 1986
(C) 1992
(D) 2005 -
The main objectives of the NPE were:
(A) To universalize elementary education
(B) To make education quality and relevant
(C) To make education