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State actors are nations/countries which are also known as “states”. They have Sovereignty over their own territory and that sovereignty is recognized on the international stage by international organizations such as the United Nations.
Non-state actors are organized groups that do not hold any officially recognized territory, though they may control some territory through force of arms. The best example of this today is ISIS who are an armed terrorist group that until recently controlled large swaths of Syria and Iraq.
- The External State Connections
China
Northeastern India is inhabited by Mongoloid tribes who have close ethnic and cultural ties with the tribes in China, Tibet and Burma. Barring Khasis and Jaintias of Meghalaya, almost all hill tribes belong to the Tibeto-Chinese fold and to the Tibeto-Burmese family.
Bangladesh
East Pakistan, Bangladesh since 1971, was host to many insurgent activities unleashed against India in the northeastern region.
The anti-India operations have been largely possible because of the presence of an overwhelming illegal immigrant Bangladeshi Population in the northeast. The porosity of the Indo-Bangladesh border has led to many unanticipated problems for India.
Myanmar
India Shares a 1670 km long land border and a maritime border of 200 km with Myanmar.
Some Burmese tribals belonging to the Kuki Chin Group are fighting for merger of lands inhabited by them with India.
Countries that are unfriendly towards India find an opportunity in the ongoing turmoil in the northeast and their involvement has made the problems that much more difficult to resolve.
· Non State actors
Act of Terrorism, insurgency or extremism by any individual or a groups which has no direct or indirect linkages with any government or any government organization, is said to be done by non-state actors.
The emergence of non-state terrorist actors and the rise of their international influence is accelerating. Much of their activity is clandestine and outside the accepted international norms. International and state-sponsored terrorism, often motivated by fundamentalist ideologies, backed by secretive but efficient financial networks, use of IT, clandestine access to chemical-biological and nuclear materials, and illicit drug trafficking, has emerged as a major threat to international stability.
They pose threats to multireligious, multiethnic and pluralistic societies. India is at the receiving end of these violent Elements and is likely to remain a target of International Terrorism in the future. Strategies need to be evolved to counter the threat of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) terrorism as well as cyber-terrorism.,
In today’s globalized world, Internal Security is increasingly threatened by external state and non-state actors. These actors can pose a variety of challenges, including terrorism, cybercrime, organized crime, insurgency, foreign intervention, natural disasters, public Health crises, and economic crises.
Terrorism is the unlawful use of violence or the threat of violence, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political, religious, or ideological objectives. Terrorist attacks can have a significant impact on internal security, causing widespread fear and disruption. For example, the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States led to a significant increase in security measures and a decline in public trust in government.
Cybercrime is a crime that is committed using a computer or the Internet. Cybercrimes can include hacking, identity theft, fraud, and online child pornography. Cybercrime can have a significant impact on internal security, as it can be used to disrupt critical Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE, steal sensitive information, and commit financial fraud. For example, the 2017 WannaCry ransomware attack affected over 200,000 computers in over 150 countries, causing an estimated \$4 billion in damage.
Organized crime is a group of people who commit criminal acts together, often for financial gain. Organized crime can pose a significant threat to internal security, as it can be involved in drug trafficking, human trafficking, Money laundering, and other criminal activities. For example, the Italian Mafia is estimated to have an annual revenue of over \$100 billion.
Insurgency is an Armed Rebellion against a government or authority. Insurgencies can pose a significant threat to internal security, as they can lead to violence, instability, and the breakdown of law and order. For example, the Syrian Civil War has been ongoing since 2011 and has resulted in the deaths of over 500,000 people.
Foreign intervention is the involvement of a foreign government or state in the internal affairs of another country. Foreign intervention can take many forms, including military intervention, economic sanctions, and political support for opposition groups. Foreign intervention can pose a significant threat to internal security, as it can destabilize a country and lead to violence and instability. For example, the United States’ intervention in the Vietnam War led to the deaths of over 58,000 Americans and the displacement of millions of Vietnamese people.
Natural disasters are events that occur due to natural causes, such as Earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes. Natural disasters can have a significant impact on internal security, as they can cause widespread damage and displacement. For example, the 2011 TÅhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan caused over 18,000 deaths and \$235 billion in damage.
Public health crises are events that occur due to the spread of disease or illness. Public health crises can have a significant impact on internal security, as they can cause widespread illness and death. For example, the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa killed over 11,000 people.
Economic crises are events that occur due to a sudden decline in economic activity. Economic crises can have a significant impact on internal security, as they can lead to Unemployment, POVERTY, and social unrest. For example, the 2008 global financial crisis led to the Great Recession, which resulted in the loss of millions of jobs and homes in the United States.
In conclusion, external state and non-state actors pose a variety of challenges to internal security. These challenges can have a significant impact on a country’s economy, Society, and political stability. It is important for governments to be aware of these challenges and to take steps to mitigate their effects.
What are the challenges to internal security?
Internal security is the protection of a country’s citizens and institutions from threats within its borders. Challenges to internal security can come from a variety of sources, including:
- Terrorism: Terrorist attacks can cause widespread death and destruction, and can also have a significant impact on a country’s economy and social fabric.
- Insurgencies: Insurgencies are armed conflicts that are carried out by non-state actors against a government. They can be very difficult to defeat, and can cause significant damage to a country’s infrastructure and economy.
- Organized crime: Organized crime groups can pose a serious threat to internal security, as they are often involved in activities such as drug trafficking, human trafficking, and money laundering.
- Cybercrime: Cybercrime is a growing threat to internal security, as criminals increasingly use the internet to carry out attacks on critical infrastructure, steal personal information, and commit fraud.
What is the role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security?
External state and non-state actors can pose a significant threat to internal security. External state actors can support insurgencies or terrorist groups, or they can carry out attacks on a country’s infrastructure or citizens. Non-state actors, such as organized crime groups or cybercriminals, can also pose a serious threat to internal security.
What are the ways to mitigate the challenges to internal security?
There are a number of ways to mitigate the challenges to internal security. These include:
- Strengthening law enforcement and intelligence capabilities: This can help to prevent and respond to terrorist attacks, insurgencies, and other threats.
- Investing in critical infrastructure security: This can help to protect critical infrastructure from cyber attacks and other threats.
- Promoting Good Governance and Rule of Law: This can help to reduce the risk of Corruption and organized crime.
- Building strong relationships with other countries: This can help to deter external state actors from supporting insurgencies or terrorist groups.
- Raising public awareness of security threats: This can help to empower citizens to protect themselves and their communities.
What are the benefits of mitigating the challenges to internal security?
There are a number of benefits to mitigating the challenges to internal security. These include:
- Increased safety and security for citizens: This can help to reduce the risk of death, injury, and property damage from terrorist attacks, insurgencies, and other threats.
- Protection of critical infrastructure: This can help to ensure the continued operation of critical infrastructure, such as power grids, transportation systems, and water supplies.
- Reduced risk of corruption and organized crime: This can help to protect the economy and social fabric of a country.
- Deterrence of external state actors: This can help to reduce the risk of external state actors supporting insurgencies or terrorist groups.
- Increased public trust in government: This can help to build a stronger and more resilient society.
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Which of the following is not a challenge to internal security?
(A) Terrorism
(B) Natural disasters
(C) Economic recession
(D) Political instability -
Which of the following is not a role of the government in ensuring internal security?
(A) Maintaining law and order
(B) Protecting the borders
(C) Providing social welfare
(D) Promoting Economic Development -
Which of the following is not a type of non-state actor?
(A) Terrorist organization
(B) Criminal syndicate
(C) Foreign government
(D) Non-governmental organization -
Which of the following is not a way to counter the threat of terrorism?
(A) Intelligence gathering
(B) Law enforcement
(C) Military action
(D) Diplomacy -
Which of the following is not a way to mitigate the effects of natural disasters?
(A) Early warning systems
(B) Disaster preparedness plans
(C) Disaster relief efforts
(D) Economic stimulus packages -
Which of the following is not a way to address the problem of economic recession?
(A) Monetary Policy
(B) Fiscal Policy
(C) Supply-side economics
(D) Demand-side economics -
Which of the following is not a way to promote political stability?
(A) Good governance
(B) Rule of law
(C) Respect for Human Rights
(D) Economic development -
Which of the following is not a way to ensure internal security?
(A) A strong military
(B) A well-trained police force
(C) A robust intelligence Network
(D) A healthy economy -
Which of the following is not a challenge to internal security in the 21st century?
(A) Terrorism
(B) Cybercrime
(C) Pandemics
(D) Climate change -
Which of the following is not a way to address the challenges of the 21st century?
(A) International cooperation
(B) Technological innovation
(C) Investing in Education
(D) Increasing military spending