Respiration

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is defined as the movement of Oxygen from the outside Environment to the cells within Tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.

The physiological definition of respiration is differs from the biochemical definition, which refers to cellular respiration, a metabolic process by which an organism obtains energy (in the form of ATP) by oxidizing nutrients and releasing waste products. Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration and thus life in animals, the processes are distinct: cellular respiration takes place in individual cells of the organism, while physiologic respiration concerns the diffusion and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external environment.

In animals with lungs, physiological respiration involves respiratory cycles of inhaled and exhaled breaths. Inhalation (breathing in) is usually an active movement. The contraction of the diaphragm muscle cause a pressure variation, which is equal to the pressures caused by elastic, resistive and inertial components of the Respiratory System. In contrast, exhalation (breathing out) is usually a passive process. Breathing in, brings air into the lungs where the process of gas exchange takes place between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

The process of breathing does not fill the alveoli with atmospheric air during each inhalation (about 350 ml per breath), but the inhaled air is carefully diluted and thoroughly mixed with a large volume of gas (about 2.5 liters in adult humans) known as the functional residual capacity which remains in the lungs after each exhalation, and whose gaseous composition differs markedly from that of the ambient air. Physiological respiration involves the mechanisms that ensure that the composition of the functional residual capacity is kept constant, and equilibrates with the gases dissolved in the pulmonary capillary blood, and thus throughout the body. Thus, in precise usage, the words breathing and ventilation are hyponyms, not synonyms, of respiration; but this prescription is not consistently followed, even by most Health care providers, because the term respiratory rate (RR) is a well-established term in health care, even though it would need to be consistently replaced with ventilation rate if the precise usage were to be followed.

Respiratory organs of the animal breathing

Insects

The respiratory system in insects consists of a Network of tubes, called tracheae, which directly ventilate the tissues. Actively moving air to the site of gas exchange is called ventilation. The tubes divide and branch out into smaller and smaller tubes extending into all parts of the insect, similar to the way arteries branch out into tiny capillaries in a closed Circulatory System.

Insects have openings scattered throughout its body called spiracles. Spiracles are openings to the tracheae. In small insects, gas exchange occurs by diffusion only. Larger insects will actively breathe to pump air into the tubes.

Aquatic insects must seal their spiracles when they are under water to prevent flooding their tubes. Amazingly, some aquatic insects even have specialized spiracles that can puncture underwater Plants and access those plants' oxygen storage centers. Think of it like an underwater vampire bug that sucks oxygen.

Mammals

The chief organ in mammalian respiration is the lungs. The lungs are actively ventilated via a suction-pump mechanism of inhalation and exhalation. Breathing is dependent upon the rib muscles and the diaphragm, a structure shaped like a dome-shaped floor just beneath the lungs.

Inhalation happens when the rib cage opens up and the diaphragm flattens and moves downward. The lungs expand into the larger space, causing the air pressure inside to decrease. The drop in air pressure inside the lung makes the outside air rush in.

Exhalation is the opposite process. The diaphragm and the rib muscles relax to their neutral state, causing the lungs to contract. The squashing of the lungs increases their air pressure and forces the air to flow out.

Most mammals are nose breathers. Inhaling through the nose warms and moistens the air. The air is filtered by cilia and mucus membranes, which trap dust and pathogens. Air then reaches the epiglottis, the tiny leaf-shaped flap at the back of the throat. The epiglottis regulates air going into the windpipe and closes upon swallowing to prevent food from being inhaled. It’s the gatekeeper to the lungs.

Reptiles and Amphibians

Reptiles and amphibians have lungs and exchange gases in the capillaries like mammals, but there are some differences in how they ventilate their respiratory systems. Reptiles don’t typically breathe the same way as mammals, since many reptiles lack a diaphragm. Reptiles use their axial muscles, the ones attached to their ribs, to expand their ribcage for breathing. During periods of intense activity, reptiles might be forced to hold their breath, as they use those muscles for running away.

Some reptiles get around this by buccal pumping while they run. Buccal pumping is when an animal uses the muscles of the mouth and throat to pull air into the lungs. Muscles pull air through the mouth or nose into a buccal cavity. Throat muscles then pump and move the floor of the mouth up in a way that’s visible from the outside. This forces air out of the mouth and into the lungs. This is what amphibians do, by puffing up their chinny-chin-chins to get the air in. Look at this frog's constantly moving throat .

Apart from their capillaries, amphibians perform gas exchange directly through their skin. This works for them because their skin has lots of blood vessels very close to the permeable skin surface. Diffusion can take place right through the skin. In fact, some salamanders have no lungs at all, and they get all of their oxygen through their skin.

Birds

The respiratory system of birds is similar to that of mammals. Air is pulled in using a suction-type pull. Gases are exchanged in the capillaries. The major difference is the route of airflow through the body. Birds have air sacs that collect air. They then force the air through their lungs like bellows stoking a fire.

When a bird inhales, air is brought into the posterior air sacs, which expand. Then the bird exhales and the air is forced from the posterior air sacs into the lungs, where gas exchange occurs. The bird inhales a second time, moving the air from the lungs to the anterior air sac. A second exhalation pushes the air out of the body.

 

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Respiration is the process by which an organism exchanges gases with its environment to obtain energy. There are two main Types Of Respiration: cellular respiration and external respiration.

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into energy. This process takes place in the mitochondria of cells. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate, which is then converted into acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle, where it is converted into carbon dioxide and energy. The energy produced by cellular respiration is used to power the cell’s activities.

External respiration is the process by which oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide is released. This process takes place in the lungs. Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs, where it is transported to the blood by hemoglobin. The blood then carries oxygen to the cells, where it is used in cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product of cellular respiration. This carbon dioxide is transported from the cells to the lungs, where it is exhaled.

Internal respiration is the process by which oxygen is delivered to the cells and carbon dioxide is removed from the cells. This process takes place in the blood. Oxygen is transported from the lungs to the cells by hemoglobin. The hemoglobin releases oxygen to the cells, where it is used in cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product of cellular respiration. This carbon dioxide is transported from the cells to the lungs, where it is exhaled.

The Respiratory Quotient (RQ) is a measure of how much carbon dioxide is produced relative to the amount of oxygen consumed during respiration. The RQ is typically between 0.7 and 1.0. An RQ of 0.7 indicates that the organism is using Carbohydrates for energy, while an RQ of 1.0 indicates that the organism is using fats for energy.

The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) is a measure of how much carbon dioxide is produced relative to the amount of oxygen consumed during respiration. The RER is typically between 0.8 and 1.2. An RER of 0.8 indicates that the organism is using carbohydrates for energy, while an RER of 1.2 indicates that the organism is using fats for energy.

Respiratory alkalosis is a condition in which the blood pH is too high. This can be caused by hyperventilation, which is when a person breathes too quickly. Hyperventilation causes the body to lose too much carbon dioxide, which raises the blood pH.

Respiratory acidosis is a condition in which the blood pH is too low. This can be caused by hypoventilation, which is when a person breathes too slowly. Hypoventilation causes the body to retain too much carbon dioxide, which lowers the blood pH.

Hyperventilation is a condition in which a person breathes too quickly. This can be caused by anxiety, Stress, or a medical condition. Hyperventilation can cause symptoms such as lightheadedness, dizziness, and tingling.

Hypoventilation is a condition in which a person breathes too slowly. This can be caused by a medical condition, such as sleep apnea, or by drugs or alcohol. Hypoventilation can cause symptoms such as drowsiness, confusion, and headaches.

Apnea is a condition in which a person stops breathing for a period of time. This can be caused by a medical condition, such as sleep apnea, or by drugs or alcohol. Apnea can cause symptoms such as lightheadedness, dizziness, and fainting.

Cheyne-Stokes respiration is a pattern of breathing in which the rate of breathing increases and then decreases. This pattern is often seen in people with heart failure or kidney failure.

Biot’s respiration is a pattern of breathing in which the rate of breathing is irregular. This pattern is often seen in people with meningitis or brain tumors.

Kussmaul respiration is a pattern of breathing in which the rate of breathing is rapid and deep. This pattern is often seen in people with diabetic ketoacidosis.

Apneustic respiration is a pattern of breathing in which the person takes a deep breath and then holds it for a period of time. This pattern is often seen in people with brain damage.

Ataxic respiration is a pattern of breathing in which the rate and depth of breathing are irregular. This pattern is often seen in people with brain damage or severe respiratory distress.

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a condition that affects premature babies. RDS is caused by the lungs not being fully developed. Symptoms of RDS include difficulty breathing, low oxygen levels in the blood, and a bluish skin color.

Asthma is a chronic condition that affects the airways. The airways are tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. In people with asthma, the airways become inflamed and swollen. This makes it difficult to breathe. Symptoms of asthma include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD

What is the process of breathing?

Breathing is the process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. It is essential for life, as it provides the body with the oxygen it needs to function.

What are the different types of breathing?

There are two main types of breathing: thoracic breathing and diaphragmatic breathing. Thoracic breathing is when you breathe using your chest muscles. Diaphragmatic breathing is when you breathe using your diaphragm, which is a muscle at the bottom of your lungs.

What are the benefits of deep breathing?

Deep breathing has many benefits, including:

• Reducing stress and anxiety
• Improving sleep quality
• Relieving headaches
• Boosting energy levels
• Improving focus and concentration

How do I practice deep breathing?

There are many ways to practice deep breathing. One simple method is to sit in a comfortable position and close your eyes. Place one hand on your chest and the other on your stomach. As you inhale, slowly count to four. As you exhale, slowly count to four. Continue breathing deeply for 5-10 minutes.

What are the signs and symptoms of respiratory problems?

The signs and symptoms of respiratory problems can vary depending on the specific condition. However, some common symptoms include:

• Coughing
• Wheezing
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain
• Fatigue
• Fever

What are the causes of respiratory problems?

Respiratory problems can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Infections, such as pneumonia or bronchitis
• Allergies
• Asthma
• Cigarette smoking
• Air Pollution
• Certain medications

How are respiratory problems treated?

The treatment for respiratory problems will vary depending on the specific condition. However, some common treatments include:

• Medications, such as antibiotics or inhalers
• Oxygen therapy
• Surgery
• Lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking or avoiding allergens

What are the complications of respiratory problems?

The complications of respiratory problems can vary depending on the specific condition. However, some common complications include:

• Pneumonia
• Heart failure
• Respiratory failure
• Death

How can I prevent respiratory problems?

There are a number of things you can do to help prevent respiratory problems, including:

• Get vaccinated against common respiratory infections, such as pneumonia and the flu.
• Avoid exposure to secondhand smoke.
• Quit smoking.
• Eat a healthy diet.
• Exercise regularly.
• Get enough sleep.
• Manage stress.
• Stay hydrated.

1. The process by which cells convert food into energy is called:
   (A) respiration
   (B) Photosynthesis
   (C) Transpiration
   (D) digestion

2. The main organ of respiration in humans is the:
   (A) heart
   (B) lungs
   (C) brain
   (D) stomach

3. The exchange of gases between the blood and the air takes place in the:
   (A) lungs
   (B) heart
   (C) brain
   (D) stomach

4. The gas that is used by the body for energy is:
   (A) oxygen
   (B) carbon dioxide
   (C) nitrogen
   (D) water vapor

5. The gas that is produced as a waste product of respiration is:
   (A) oxygen
   (B) carbon dioxide
   (C) nitrogen
   (D) water vapor

6. The Average person takes about:
   (A) 10 breaths per minute
   (B) 15 breaths per minute
   (C) 20 breaths per minute
   (D) 25 breaths per minute

7. When you exercise, you breathe faster because:
   (A) your body needs more oxygen
   (B) your body needs to get rid of more carbon dioxide
   (C) your body needs to cool down
   (D) all of the above

8. The amount of oxygen that your body needs depends on:
   (A) your activity level
   (B) your body temperature
   (C) your age
   (D) all of the above

9. If you hold your breath, your body will eventually start to feel tired because:
   (A) your brain is not getting enough oxygen
   (B) your muscles are not getting enough oxygen
   (C) your heart is not getting enough oxygen
   (D) all of the above

10. The best way to improve your lung capacity is to:
    (A) exercise regularly
    (B) breathe deeply
    (C) avoid smoking
    (D) all of the above