<–2/”>a >India was the first nation to launched a family planning programme in 1952. Though the birth rate started decreasing, it was accompanied by a sharp decrease in death rate, leading to an overall increase in Population.The early concept of population policy covered both mortality and fertility and did not exclusively focus on fertility. There was also a recognition of the need to improve the Quality Of Life of the people by lowering the burden of disease or morbidity, promoting universal primary Education and eradicating illiteracy, exploitation and POVERTY.
In 1976, the first National Population Policy was formulated and tabled in Parliament.
The intent of National Population Policy-NPP-2000 is to eliminate unmet contraceptive needs by providing high quality reproductive healthcare. In particular, the NPP-2000 aims to address flaws in healthcare Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE and to achieve a total fertility rate of 2.1 births per woman by 2010. Main objectives of NPP-2000 are:-
- Converge service delivery at village level
- Empowering Women for improved Health-and-Nutrition/”>Health and Nutrition needs for family welfare Services
- Child health and survival
- Meeting the unmet needs of the under-served population groups
- Use of diverse health care providers
- Collaboration with and commitments from the non-government sector
- Mainstreaming Indian systems of medicine and homeopathy
- Contraceptive technology and research on reproductive and child health (RCH)
- Providing for the older population x. Information education and Communication
Population Growth Rate in India has reduced substantially which is evident from the following:-
- The Percentage decadal growth rate of the country has declined significantly from 21.5% for the period 1991-2001 to 17.7% during 2001-2011.
- Total Fertility Rate (TFR) was 3.2 at the time when National Population Policy, 2000 was adopted and the same has declined to 2.3 as per Sample registration Survey (SRS) 2013 conducted by the Registrar General of India.
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Population policies and issues are complex and multifaceted. They can be divided into several broad categories, including Population Growth, population decline, population aging, population distribution, population Migration, population health, population education, population EMPLOYMENT, population poverty, population Environment, population security, population ethics, population governance, population research, and population policy.
Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population. It can be caused by a number of factors, including high birth rates, low death rates, and immigration. Population growth can have a number of positive and negative effects on a country or region. On the positive side, it can lead to increased economic growth and development. On the negative side, it can put a strain on Resources, such as food, water, and housing.
Population decline is the decrease in the number of people in a population. It can be caused by a number of factors, including low birth rates, high death rates, and emigration. Population decline can have a number of positive and negative effects on a country or region. On the positive side, it can lead to lower environmental impact and increased economic efficiency. On the negative side, it can lead to an aging population and a shortage of workers.
Population aging is the increase in the proportion of older people in a population. It is caused by a number of factors, including low birth rates and increasing life expectancy. Population aging can have a number of positive and negative effects on a country or region. On the positive side, it can lead to a more experienced and knowledgeable workforce. On the negative side, it can lead to increased healthcare costs and a shortage of workers.
Population distribution is the way in which people are spread out over a geographic area. It can be affected by a number of factors, including Climate, economic opportunities, and government policies. Population distribution can have a number of positive and negative effects on a country or region. On the positive side, it can lead to more efficient use of resources. On the negative side, it can lead to urban sprawl and Environmental Degradation.
Population migration is the movement of people from one place to another. It can be caused by a number of factors, including economic opportunities, political instability, and natural disasters. Population migration can have a number of positive and negative effects on a country or region. On the positive side, it can lead to increased economic growth and cultural diversity. On the negative side, it can lead to social unrest and conflict.
Population health is the overall health of a population. It is affected by a number of factors, including access to healthcare, nutrition, and lifestyle choices. Population health can have a number of positive and negative effects on a country or region. On the positive side, it can lead to a longer life expectancy and a lower burden of disease. On the negative side, it can lead to increased healthcare costs and a decrease in productivity.
Population education is the process of teaching people about population issues. It can be done through formal education, such as in schools, or through informal education, such as through public awareness campaigns. Population education can help people to understand the causes and effects of population growth, decline, aging, and distribution. It can also help them to make informed decisions about their own reproductive choices.
Population employment is the number of people who are employed in a country or region. It is affected by a number of factors, including the size of the population, the level of Economic Development, and the availability of jobs. Population employment can have a number of positive and negative effects on a country or region. On the positive side, it can lead to increased economic growth and development. On the negative side, it can lead to Unemployment and poverty.
Population poverty is the state of being poor. It is caused by a number of factors, including low income, lack of education, and unemployment. Population poverty can have a number of negative effects on a country or region. It can lead to crime, social unrest, and environmental degradation.
Population environment is the relationship between people and the environment. It is affected by a number of factors, including population growth, resource consumption, and pollution. Population environment can have a number of positive and negative effects on a country or region. On the positive side, it can lead to increased awareness of environmental issues and more Sustainable Development. On the negative side, it can lead to increased pollution and environmental degradation.
Population security is the protection of people from threats to their safety and well-being. It is affected by a number of factors, including population growth, migration, and conflict. Population security can have a number of positive and negative effects on a country or region. On the positive side, it can lead to increased stability and peace. On the negative side, it can lead to increased conflict and violence.
Population ethics is the study of the moral issues that arise from population issues. It includes a number of subtopics, such as the ethics of abortion, the ethics of euthanasia, and the ethics of population control. Population
What is population growth?
Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population. It can be calculated as the natural growth rate plus the net migration rate. The natural growth rate is the difference between the birth rate and the death rate. The net migration rate is the difference between the number of people immigrating to a country and the number of people emigrating from a country.
What are the causes of population growth?
There are many factors that can contribute to population growth, including:
- High birth rates: When there are more births than deaths in a population, the population will grow.
- Low death rates: When there are fewer deaths than births in a population, the population will grow.
- Immigration: When more people immigrate to a country than emigrate from a country, the population will grow.
What are the effects of population growth?
Population growth can have both positive and negative effects. Some of the positive effects of population growth include:
- Increased labor force: A larger population means that there are more people to work and produce goods and services.
- Increased innovation: A larger population means that there are more people to come up with new ideas and inventions.
- Increased diversity: A larger population means that there is more diversity of thought and culture.
Some of the negative effects of population growth include:
- Increased demand for resources: A larger population means that there is more demand for food, water, energy, and other resources.
- Increased pollution: A larger population means that there is more pollution from factories, cars, and other sources.
- Increased strain on infrastructure: A larger population means that there is more strain on roads, bridges, hospitals, and other infrastructure.
What are some population policies?
Population policies are government programs that are designed to influence the size, growth, or distribution of a population. Some common population policies include:
- Family planning programs: These programs provide information and services to help people plan their families.
- Contraceptive programs: These programs provide access to contraception, such as condoms, birth control pills, and IUDs.
- Abortion services: These services provide access to safe and legal abortion.
- Sterilization programs: These programs provide surgery to make people infertile.
- Immigration policies: These policies control who is allowed to enter a country.
What are some population issues?
Population issues are problems that are caused by or related to population growth. Some common population issues include:
- Poverty: Population growth can lead to poverty, as there may not be enough resources to support a large population.
- Hunger: Population growth can lead to hunger, as there may not be enough food to feed a large population.
- Disease: Population growth can lead to disease, as there may not be enough resources to provide healthcare for a large population.
- Environmental degradation: Population growth can lead to environmental degradation, as there may not be enough resources to protect the environment for a large population.
- Conflict: Population growth can lead to conflict, as there may be competition for resources and land.
Here are some MCQs on the following topics:
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Demography
-
The study of human populations is called:
(a) Demography
(b) Sociology
(c) Economics
(d) Anthropology -
The world’s population is currently about:
(a) 7 billion
(b) 8 billion
(c) 9 billion
(d) 10 billion -
The world’s population is growing at a rate of about:
(a) 1% per year
(b) 2% per year
(c) 3% per year
(d) 4% per year -
The most populous country in the world is:
(a) China
(b) India
(c) the United States
(d) Indonesia -
The least populous country in the world is:
(a) Vatican City
(b) Monaco
(c) Nauru
(d) Tuvalu -
Population growth
-
Population growth is the result of:
(a) Births
(b) Deaths
(c) Migration
(d) All of the above -
The main factor that has contributed to the world’s population growth in recent decades is:
(a) Improved health care
(b) Increased life expectancy
(c) Decreased infant mortality
(d) All of the above -
The demographic transition is the process by which a country moves from a high birth rate and high death rate to a low birth rate and low death rate.
(a) True
(b) False -
The demographic transition is usually associated with economic development.
(a) True
(b) False -
The demographic transition has had a number of consequences, including:
(a) Increased Urbanization
(a) Increased environmental degradation
(c) Increased social and economic inequality
(d) All of the above -
Population policies
-
A population policy is a government plan that aims to influence the size, growth rate, or distribution of a population.
(a) True
(b) False -
Population policies can be used to encourage or discourage population growth.
(a) True
(b) False -
Some examples of population policies include:
(a) Family planning programs
(b) Immigration policies
(c) Emigration policies
(d) All of the above -
Population policies are often controversial.
(a) True
(b) False -
Some of the arguments in favor of population policies include:
(a) They can help to reduce poverty and improve living standards.
(b) They can help to protect the environment.
(c) They can help to promote social and economic development.
(d) All of the above -
Some of the arguments against population policies include:
(a) They are often ineffective.
(b) They can violate Human Rights.
(c) They can have unintended consequences.
(d) All of the above -
Population issues
-
Some of the major population issues facing the world today include:
(a) Overpopulation
(b) Underpopulation
(c) Population aging
(d) All of the above -
Overpopulation is a situation in which a population is too large for its environment to support.
(a) True
(b) False -
Underpopulation is a situation in which a population is too small for its environment to support.
(a) True
(b) False -
Population aging is a situation in which the proportion of older people in a population is increasing.
(a) True
(b) False
I hope these MCQs are helpful!