Population and associated issues

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India is the second most populous country in the world next only to China. On March 1, 2011 the total Population of India was at 1.247 billion. This accounted for 17.5% of the world’s total population. In other words, about every sixth person in the world there is an Indian. China, the most populous country of the world, is a step ahead of us as every fifth person in the world there is a Chinese. While India possesses only 2.42% of the world’s total land area, she is required to sustain almost 17.5% of the world’s population.

Two components of population Growth are: Natural growth: It is analysed by assessing the crude birth and death rates. Induced growth: It is assessed by the volume of inward and outward movement of people in any given area. There are four phases of Population Growth in India. The period from 1901-1921 is referred to as a period of stagnant growth of India’s population. The high birth rate was counterbalanced by high death rate. The decades 1921-1951 are referred to as the period of steady population growth. The mortality rate started showing downward trend as a result of improvement in general Health and sanitation conditions after 1921.

The density of population is expressed as the number of persons per square kilometre. According to 2011 census, the density of population in India is 382 persons per square kilometre. Over the last 100 years density has increased more than four times.

Density and its variation across states can be accessed by the following table:-

State	Area Sq. Km	Density 2011	Density 2001	Density 2011
–	India (Average)	3,287,240	382	324
1	Delhi	1,483	11,320	9,340
2	Chandigarh	114	9,258	7,900
3	Puducherry	490	2,547	2,034
4	Daman and Diu	111	2,191	1,413
5	Lakshadweep	30	2,149	1,895
6	Bihar	94,163	1,106	881
7	West Bengal	88,752	1,028	903
8	Kerala	38,852	860	819
9	Uttar Pradesh	240,928	829	690
10	Dadra and Nagar Haveli	491	700	449
11	Haryana	44,212	573	478
12	Tamil Nadu	130,060	555	480
13	Punjab	50,362	551	484
14	Jharkhand	79,716	414	338
15	Assam	78,438	398	340
16	Goa	3,702	394	364
17	Maharashtra	307,713	365	315
18	Tripura	10,486	350	305
19	Karnataka	191,791	319	276
20	Gujarat	196,244	308	258
21	Andhra Pradesh	275,045	308	277
22	Orissa	155,707	270	236
23	Madhya Pradesh	308,252	236	196
24	Rajasthan	342,239	200	165
25	Uttarakhand	53,483	189	159
26	Chhattisgarh	135,192	189	154
27	Meghalaya	22,429	132	103
28	Manipur	22,327	128	103
29	Himachal Pradesh	55,673	123	109
30	Nagaland	16,579	119	120
31	Sikkim	7,096	86	76
32	Jammu and Kashmir	222,236	56	46
33	Mizoram	21,081	52	42
34	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	8,249	46	43
35	Arunachal Pradesh	83,743	17	13

India was the first nation to launched a family planning programme in 1952. Though the birth rate started decreasing, it was accompanied by a sharp decrease in death rate, leading to an overall increase in population.The early concept of population policy covered both mortality and fertility and did not exclusively focus on fertility. There was also a recognition of the need to improve the Quality Of Life of the people by lowering the burden of disease or morbidity, promoting universal primary Education and eradicating illiteracy, exploitation and POVERTY.

In 1976, the first National Population Policy was formulated and tabled in Parliament.

The intent of National Population Policy-NPP-2000 is to eliminate unmet contraceptive needs by providing high quality reproductive healthcare. In particular, the NPP-2000 aims to address flaws in healthcare Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE and to achieve a total fertility rate of 2.1 births per woman by 2010. Main objectives of NPP-2000 are:-

Converge service delivery at village level
Empowering Women for improved Nutrition/”>Health and Nutrition needs for family welfare Services
Child health and survival
Meeting the unmet needs of the under-served population groups
Use of diverse health care providers
Collaboration with and commitments from the non-government sector
Mainstreaming Indian systems of medicine and homeopathy
Contraceptive technology and research on reproductive and child health (RCH)
Providing for the older population x. Information education and Communication

Population Growth Rate in India has reduced substantially which is evident from the following:-

The Percentage decadal growth rate of the country has declined significantly from 21.5% for the period 1991-2001 to 17.7% during 2001-2011.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) was 3.2 at the time when National Population Policy, 2000 was adopted and the same has declined to 2.3 as per Sample registration Survey (SRS) 2013 conducted by the Registrar General of India.

The world’s population is growing at an unprecedented rate. In 1800, the global population was just 1 billion. Today, it is over 7 billion and is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050. This rapid growth is putting a strain on the planet’s Resources and is leading to a number of challenges, including Climate change, poverty, and inequality.

There are a number of factors that are driving population growth. One is the decline in death rates. In the past, high rates of infant mortality and death from disease meant that people had many children in order to ensure that some would survive to adulthood. Today, thanks to advances in medicine and public health, death rates have fallen dramatically, meaning that people have fewer children.

Another factor driving population growth is the increase in life expectancy. In the past, people died at a relatively young age. Today, people are living longer and healthier lives, which means that they are having more children.

Population growth is not evenly distributed around the world. Some countries, such as Niger and Afghanistan, have very high birth rates and are experiencing rapid population growth. Other countries, such as Japan and Italy, have low birth rates and are experiencing population decline.

Population growth has a number of consequences. One is that it puts a strain on the planet’s resources. As the population grows, so does the demand for food, water, energy, and other resources. This can lead to environmental problems, such as deforestation, pollution, and Climate Change.

Population growth also contributes to poverty and inequality. In countries with high birth rates, many people live in poverty. This is because there are not enough resources to support everyone, and people often have to work in low-paying jobs. Population growth can also lead to inequality, as the gap between the rich and the poor widens.

There are a number of things that can be done to address the challenges of population growth. One is to invest in education and family planning. This will help people to have smaller families and will also help to improve their quality of life. Another is to promote Sustainable Development. This means using resources wisely and protecting the Environment.

Population growth is a complex issue with no easy solutions. However, it is important to address the challenges that it poses in order to create a sustainable future for all.

In addition to the subtopics you have listed, here are some other issues that are related to population:

Population and development: Population growth can have a significant impact on development. In some cases, it can lead to economic growth, as more people means more workers and consumers. However, it can also lead to problems, such as poverty and inequality.
Population and the environment: Population growth can also have a significant impact on the environment. More people means more demand for resources, such as food, water, and energy. This can lead to environmental problems, such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change.
Population and health: Population growth can also have a significant impact on health. More people means more potential for the spread of disease. It can also lead to problems, such as Malnutrition and lack of access to healthcare.
Population and education: Population growth can also have a significant impact on education. More people means more demand for education, which can put a strain on resources. It can also lead to problems, such as overcrowding in schools and lack of qualified teachers.
Population and EMPLOYMENT: Population growth can also have a significant impact on employment. More people means more potential workers, but it can also lead to Unemployment, as there may not be enough jobs for everyone.
Population and poverty: Population growth can also have a significant impact on poverty. More people means more potential for poverty, as there may not be enough resources to support everyone. It can also lead to problems, such as malnutrition and lack of access to healthcare.
Population and the future: Population growth is a complex issue with no easy solutions. However, it is important to address the challenges that it poses in order to create a sustainable future for all.

Here are some frequently asked questions and short answers about population and associated issues:

What is population growth?
Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population. It can be measured as the annual percent change in the population, or as the number of people added to the population each year.
What are the causes of population growth?
The causes of population growth are complex and vary from country to country. Some of the main factors that contribute to population growth include:
- High birth rates: When more people are born than die, the population will grow.
- Low death rates: When fewer people die than are born, the population will grow.
- Migration: When people move into a country, the population of that country will grow.
- Increased life expectancy: When people live longer, the population will grow.
What are the effects of population growth?
The effects of population growth can be both positive and negative. Some of the positive effects of population growth include:
- Increased labor force: A larger population means that there are more people to work and produce goods and services.
- Increased innovation: A larger population means that there are more people to come up with new ideas and inventions.
- Increased diversity: A larger population means that there is more diversity of thought and culture.

However, population growth can also have negative effects, such as:

* Increased demand for resources: A larger population means that there is more demand for food, water, energy, and other resources.
* Increased pollution: A larger population means that there is more pollution from factories, cars, and other sources.
* Increased strain on infrastructure: A larger population means that there is more strain on roads, bridges, schools, and other infrastructure.

What are some solutions to the problems caused by population growth?
There are a number of solutions to the problems caused by population growth, including:
- Investing in education and family planning: Education can help people make informed decisions about family planning, and family planning can help people have the number of children they want.
- Promoting Equality/”>Gender Equality: Gender equality can help reduce poverty and improve health outcomes, which can lead to lower birth rates.
- Investing in infrastructure: Investing in infrastructure can help to reduce poverty and improve health outcomes, which can lead to lower birth rates.
- Addressing climate change: Climate change can lead to food insecurity, water scarcity, and other problems that can exacerbate the effects of population growth.
What is the future of population growth?
The future of population growth is uncertain. Some experts believe that population growth will eventually plateau, while others believe that it will continue to grow for many years to come. The future of population growth will depend on a number of factors, including Economic Development, access to education and family planning, and climate change.

Sure, here are some MCQs without mentioning the topic Population and associated issues:

Which of the following is not a factor that affects population growth?
(A) Birth rate
(B) Death rate
(C) Immigration rate
(D) Emigration rate
Which of the following is the most populous country in the world?
(A) China
(B) India
(C) United States
(D) Indonesia
Which of the following is a major challenge facing the world’s population?
(A) Poverty
(B) Hunger
(C) Disease
(D) All of the above
Which of the following is a way to reduce population growth?
(A) Increase access to education and family planning
(B) Reduce poverty
(C) Improve healthcare
(D) All of the above
Which of the following is a positive effect of population growth?
(A) Increased labor force
(B) Increased innovation
(C) Increased economic growth
(D) All of the above
Which of the following is a negative effect of population growth?
(A) Increased demand for resources
(B) Increased pollution
(C) Increased strain on infrastructure
(D) All of the above
Which of the following is the world’s most populous city?
(A) Tokyo
(B) Delhi
(C) Shanghai
(D) Mexico City
Which of the following is the world’s fastest growing city?
(A) Lagos
(B) Dhaka
(C) Kinshasa
(D) Cairo
Which of the following is a major challenge facing the world’s cities?
(A) Sanitation
(B) Transportation
(C) Housing
(D) All of the above
Which of the following is a way to improve the sustainability of cities?
(A) Invest in public transportation
(B) Promote mixed-use development
(C) Protect green spaces
(D) All of the above