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Orogenic or the mountain-forming movements act tangentially to the earth surface, as in Plate tectonics.
Tensions produces fissures (since this type of force acts away from a point in two directions) and compression produces folds (because this type of force acts towards a point from two or more directions). In the Landforms so produced, the structurally identifiable units are difficult to recognise.
In general, diastrophic forces which have uplifted lands have predominated over forces which have lowered them.
Orogenic- mountain-forming movements
These movements cause considerable deformation over a short span of time, and may be of two types.
Earthquake
It occurs when the surplus accumulated Stress in rocks in the earth’s interior is relieved through the weak zones over the earth’s surface in form of kinetic energy of wave motion causing vibrations (at times devastating) on the earth’s surface. Such movements may result in uplift in coastal areas.
An earthquake in Chile (1822) caused a one-metre uplift in coastal areas.
An earthquake in New Zealand (1885) caused an uplift of upto 3 metres in some areas while some areas in Japan (1891) subsided by 6 metres after an earthquake.
Earthquakes may cause change in contours, change in river courses, ‘Tsunamis’ (seismic waves created in sea by an earthquake, as they are called in Japan) which may cause shoreline changes, spectacular glacial surges (as in Alaska), landslides, Soil creeps, mass wasting etc.
Volcanoes-2/”>Volcanoes
Volcanism includes the movement of molten rock (magma) onto or toward the earth’s surface and also formation of many intrusive and extrusive volcanic forms.
A volcano is formed when the molten magma in the earth’s interior escapes through the crust by vents and fissures in the crust, accompanied by steam, gases (hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide) and pyroclastic material. Depending on chemical composition and viscosity of the lava, a volcano may take various forms.
Pyroclastic Adjective of or denoting rock fragments or ash erupted by a volcano, especially as a hot, dense, destructive flow.,
Orogeny is the process that forms Mountains. It is a complex process that involves the collision of tectonic plates, the subduction of one plate beneath another, and the accretion of material from the subducting plate. The collision of tectonic plates causes the crust to deform, and the subduction of one plate beneath another causes the mantle to melt, which produces magma. The magma rises to the surface and erupts, forming volcanoes. The accretion of material from the subducting plate causes the mountain range to grow.
Orogeny is a slow process that can take millions of years. The Himalayas, for example, are still growing today. The process of orogeny is responsible for some of the most dramatic features on Earth, including mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes.
Plate tectonics is the theory that the Earth’s surface is made up of a number of plates that move around on the Earth’s mantle. The plates are constantly colliding, grinding against each other, and spreading apart. These movements are what cause earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain ranges.
Subduction is a process that occurs when one tectonic plate moves under another. The denser plate sinks into the mantle, while the less dense plate is pushed up. This process can cause Earthquakes And Volcanoes.
Accretion is the process by which material is added to a growing mountain range. This can happen when two tectonic plates collide, or when material is scraped off the subducting plate.
Collision is the process by which two tectonic plates come into contact. This can cause the plates to deform, and can also cause earthquakes and volcanoes.
Orogenic belt is a long, narrow region of deformed crust that forms as a result of orogeny. Orogenic belts are typically found at convergent plate boundaries.
Fold and thrust belt is a type of orogenic belt that is characterized by folds and thrust faults. Folds are curved structures in the Earth’s crust, while thrust faults are faults where one block of crust has been pushed over another.
Metamorphism is the process by which rocks are changed under the influence of heat and pressure. Metamorphic Rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures, which cause them to change their chemical composition and physical properties.
Magmatism is the process by which magma is formed and rises to the surface. Magma is molten rock that is found beneath the Earth’s surface. It can rise to the surface through volcanoes or through cracks in the Earth’s crust.
Deformation is the process by which rocks are changed in shape or position. Deformation can be caused by a number of factors, including tectonic activity, erosion, and weathering.
Uplift is the process by which the Earth’s surface is raised. Uplift can be caused by a number of factors, including tectonic activity, volcanic activity, and the melting of Glaciers.
Erosion is the process by which the Earth’s surface is worn away by wind, water, and ice. Erosion can cause mountains to be reduced in size, and can also cause valleys to be formed.
Isostasy is the state of equilibrium that exists between the Earth’s crust and mantle. The crust is less dense than the mantle, so it floats on top of the mantle. The crust is thicker in some places than in others, and the thicker crust is more buoyant. This is why mountains are higher than the surrounding land.
Mountain range is a series of mountains that are connected together. Mountain ranges can be formed by a number of processes, including orogeny, volcanism, and erosion.
Volcano is a mountain that is formed when magma erupts from the Earth’s crust. Volcanoes can be found on all of the Earth’s continents, and they are most common near plate boundaries.
Earthquake is a shaking of the Earth’s surface that is caused by the sudden release of energy. Earthquakes can be caused by a number of factors, including tectonic activity, volcanic activity, and landslides.
Landform is a physical feature on the Earth’s surface. Landforms can be natural, such as mountains and rivers, or they can be man-made, such as roads and buildings.
Landscape is a general view of an area of land. Landscapes can be natural, such as forests and deserts, or they can be man-made, such as cities and farms.
Geology is the study of the Earth’s physical history. Geologists study the Earth’s rocks, Minerals, and fossils to learn about how the Earth has changed over time.
Earth science is the study of the Earth as a planet. Earth scientists study the Earth’s Atmosphere, Oceans, land, and life to learn about how the Earth works.
Natural science is the study of the natural world. Natural scientists study the Earth, the universe, and living things to learn about how the natural world works.
Science is the study of the natural world through
What are the different types of mountains?
There are three main types of mountains: Fold Mountains, fault-Block Mountains, and volcanic mountains.
Fold mountains are formed when two tectonic plates collide and one plate is forced under the other. The rocks on the top plate are folded and pushed up, forming a mountain range.
Fault-block mountains are formed when the Earth’s crust is stretched and cracks. The blocks of crust on either side of the crack move up or down, forming a mountain range.
Volcanic mountains are formed when magma erupts from a volcano and cools to form lava. The lava builds up over time, forming a mountain.
What are the causes of mountain formation?
Mountains are formed by the movement of tectonic plates. Tectonic plates are large pieces of the Earth’s crust that float on the Earth’s mantle. The mantle is a layer of hot, molten rock.
When two tectonic plates collide, one plate is forced under the other. The rocks on the top plate are folded and pushed up, forming a mountain range.
When the Earth’s crust is stretched and cracks, the blocks of crust on either side of the crack move up or down, forming a mountain range.
When magma erupts from a volcano, the lava builds up over time, forming a mountain.
What are the effects of mountain formation?
Mountains have a number of effects on the Earth’s Climate, weather, and Environment.
Mountains block the flow of air, which can cause changes in weather patterns. Mountains also cause rainfall to increase on the windward side of the mountain and decrease on the leeward side.
Mountains can also affect the Earth’s climate. The snow and ice on mountains reflect sunlight back into space, which helps to cool the Earth.
Mountains also provide habitat for a variety of Plants and animals. The unique climate and environment of mountains make them home to many species that cannot be found anywhere else on Earth.
What are the benefits of mountains?
Mountains provide a number of benefits to humans. They provide us with water, food, and minerals. They also provide us with a place to live, work, and play.
Mountains also play an important role in the Earth’s ecosystem. They help to regulate the Earth’s climate and provide habitat for a variety of plants and animals.
What are the challenges of mountain formation?
Mountain formation can have a number of negative effects on humans. Mountains can make it difficult to travel and transport goods. They can also cause landslides and earthquakes.
Mountains can also have a negative impact on the environment. They can cause deforestation and soil erosion.
What are the solutions to the challenges of mountain formation?
There are a number of solutions to the challenges of mountain formation. One solution is to build roads and bridges to make it easier to travel through mountains. Another solution is to plant trees to prevent deforestation.
We can also reduce the impact of landslides and earthquakes by building Dams and other structures to control water flow.
We can also protect the environment by planting trees and preventing soil erosion.
Sure, here are some multiple choice questions about the topics of plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes:
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Which of the following is not a type of plate boundary?
(A) Convergent
(B) Divergent
(C) Transform
(D) Orogenic -
The Ring of Fire is a region around the Pacific Ocean where there is a high concentration of volcanoes and earthquakes. This is because:
(A) The Pacific Plate is subducting beneath other plates.
(B) The Pacific Plate is spreading apart from other plates.
(C) The Pacific Plate is colliding with other plates.
(D) The Pacific Plate is moving in a straight line. -
The Richter magnitude scale is a measure of the:
(A) Energy released by an earthquake.
(B) Intensity of an earthquake at a particular location.
(C) Distance from the epicenter of an earthquake.
(D) Length of an earthquake fault. -
The Mercalli intensity scale is a measure of the:
(A) Energy released by an earthquake.
(B) Intensity of an earthquake at a particular location.
(C) Distance from the epicenter of an earthquake.
(D) Length of an earthquake fault. -
Volcanoes are formed when:
(A) Magma rises to the surface and erupts.
(B) Lava cools and hardens.
(C) Ash and cinders are ejected into the atmosphere.
(D) All of the above. -
The most common type of volcano is:
(A) Shield volcano
(B) Cinder cone volcano
(C) Composite volcano
(D) Stratovolcano -
The largest volcano on Earth is:
(A) Mauna Loa
(B) Mount Everest
(C) K2
(D) Mount Kilimanjaro -
The most active volcano on Earth is:
(A) Kilauea
(B) Etna
(C) Stromboli
(D) Sakurajima -
Volcanic eruptions can cause a variety of hazards, including:
(A) Lava flows
(B) Pyroclastic flows
(C) Ashfalls
(D) All of the above. -
Volcanic eruptions can also have a number of beneficial effects, including:
(A) Fertilizing the soil
(B) Creating new land
(C) Generating electricity
(D) All of the above.