<<–2/”>a >a href=”https://exam.pscnotes.com/nutrition/”>Nutrition in organisms
Food is the basic necessity of man. It is a mixture of different nutrients such as carbohydrate, protein, fat, VITAMINS and Minerals. These nutrients are essential for Growth, development and maintenance of good Health throughout life. They also play a vital role in meeting the special needs of pregnant and lactating Women and patients recovering from illness.
Nutrition is the sum of the processes by which an organism takes in, metabolises and utilises food substance for its various biochemical activities.Nutrition is the process of taking food by an organism and utilization of food for energy. This is a vital process which helps living beings to obtain their energy from various sources. Nutrients are the substances which provide nutrition. All living organisms need nutrients for proper functioning and growth.
Nutrients are the organic or inorganic substances which help in our survival and in maintaining proper health. A nutrient supplies energy to the body, builds and repairs body Tissues and regulates the body Metabolism.
On the basis of quantity required by the body, nutrients are classified into two categories :
(i) Macronutrients (ii) Micronutrients
Macronutrients:- Nutrients that are needed in large amounts are called macronutrients . There are three classes of macronutrients: Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. These can be metabolically processed into cellular energy. The energy from macronutrients comes from their chemical Bonds. This chemical energy is converted into cellular energy that is then utilized to perform work, allowing our bodies to conduct their basic functions. A unit of measurement of food energy is the calorie.
Micronutrients :-nutrients that are required in small amount, such as Vitamins and minerals form only a small fraction of the total weight of the food.
On the basis of physiography food can be classified as
Energy yielding foods
Body building foods:
Protective and Regulatory foods:
A balanced diet is one that contains all essential nutrients in suitable proportion and amount to provide necessary energy and keeps the body in a healthy state. A balanced diet has the following qualities :
it meets the nutrient requirement of the body,
it consists of different types of food items,
it provides adequate amount of energy,
Special circumstances where the Balanced diet is condition specific:-
- Nutritional needs for growing children Growing children need more food in proportion to their body weight. They need –
(i) extra protein to make new tissues for growth, (ii) more calcium and phosphorous for formation of bones and red blood cells, (iii) vitamin A for development of healthy eyesight, (iv) vitamin C for general health, and (v) vitamin D for healthy bones.
- Nutritional needs for persons in different occupations :-Persons doing hard physical work like rickshaw pullers, labourers, carpenters, mill workers. require food which is rich in energy (carbohydrates and fats). Similarly, athletes also require diet of high energy value. 3. Nutritional needs during pregnancy and lactation :-A pregnant women has to feed the developing embryo, therefore, she has special need for extra nutrients.
The pregnant women and lactating mothers should take,
(i) extra protein for tissue growth (ii) more calcium and phosphorus to form bones of the baby (iii) more iron for making sufficient blood of the baby (iv) more carbohydrates for herself because extra energy is required to carry out all the building processes linked with embryo. 4. Nutritional needs depending upon the state of health :-The persons recovering from illness need more proteins, minerals and vitamins in their diet to repair the damage caused by the ailment. If there is loss of blood due to surgery or an accident the patient needs more of proteins and iron to make up for the loss of blood.
Modes of Nutrition:-
Living organisms show two modes of nutrition:
(i) they prepare their own food, and (ii) they take in ready-made food, either from Plants (fruits and vegetables) or from animals (milk, meat and eggs).
Green plants can make their own organic food from simple substances like water and carbon dioxide through the process of Photosynthesis and are called autotrophs (auto : self; trophos : feeding). But the non-green plants and other organisms which cannot prepare their own food and obtain nutrition from green plants are called heterotrophs (heteros : different).
Carbon, hydrogen and Oxygen are the main Elements in carbohydrates, fats and proteins. In addition to these three elements, plants need a variety of elements for their survival. These are generally referred to as mineral elements. They are absorbed by the root system of plants in the form of their salts.,
Nutrition is the process of taking in and using food to support life. Nutrients are substances that organisms need to survive and grow. Macronutrients are nutrients that organisms need in large amounts, while micronutrients are nutrients that organisms need in small amounts. Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water are all nutrients that are essential for life.
Carbohydrates are the body’s main Source Of Energy. They are found in foods such as bread, pasta, rice, potatoes, and fruit. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which is then used by the body for energy.
Fats are another important source of energy. They are also found in foods such as butter, oil, and meat. Fats help the body absorb vitamins and provide insulation and cushioning for organs.
Proteins are essential for building and repairing tissues. They are found in foods such as meat, fish, eggs, Dairy products, and beans. Proteins are broken down into amino acids, which are then used by the body to build new proteins.
Vitamins are essential for the body to function properly. They are found in a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Vitamins help the body convert food into energy, build and repair tissues, and regulate metabolism.
Minerals are also essential for the body to function properly. They are found in a variety of foods, including meat, fish, dairy products, and vegetables. Minerals help the body build and repair tissues, regulate metabolism, and produce HORMONES.
Water is essential for life. It is found in all cells and tissues of the body. Water helps to regulate body temperature, transport nutrients and waste products, and lubricate joints.
Digestion is the process of breaking down food into smaller Molecules that can be absorbed by the body. Digestion begins in the mouth, where food is chewed and mixed with saliva. Saliva contains ENZYMES that begin to break down carbohydrates. Food then travels down the esophagus to the stomach. The stomach produces acid and enzymes that further break down food. Food then travels to the small intestine, where most of the nutrients are absorbed. The small intestine is lined with millions of tiny finger-like projections called villi. The villi increase the surface area of the small intestine, which allows for more efficient absorption of nutrients. Nutrients that are not absorbed in the small intestine are absorbed in the large intestine. The large intestine also absorbs water and salts.
Absorption is the process of taking in nutrients from food. Nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream. The bloodstream then carries nutrients to all parts of the body.
Metabolism is the process of using nutrients to produce energy and build and repair tissues. Metabolism is a complex process that involves many different chemical reactions. The energy produced by metabolism is used to power all of the body’s functions. Metabolism also helps to build and repair tissues.
Excretion is the process of getting rid of waste products from the body. Waste products are produced as a result of metabolism. Waste products are excreted in the form of urine, feces, sweat, and breath.
Diet is the food that an organism eats. A healthy diet includes a variety of foods from all food groups. A healthy diet provides the body with the nutrients it needs to function properly.
Nutritional deficiency is a condition that occurs when an organism does not get enough nutrients. Nutritional deficiencies can lead to a variety of health problems, including fatigue, weakness, and impaired growth.
Nutritional excess is a condition that occurs when an organism gets too much of a nutrient. Nutritional excesses can lead to a variety of health problems, including obesity, heart disease, and cancer.
Malnutrition is a condition that occurs when an organism does not get enough nutrients or gets too much of a nutrient. Malnutrition can lead to a variety of health problems, including growth retardation, impaired cognitive function, and increased risk of infection.
Eating disorder is a mental health condition that affects a person’s eating habits. Eating disorders can lead to a variety of health problems, including malnutrition, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance.
Obesity is a condition in which a person has too much body fat. Obesity is a major risk factor for a number of chronic diseases, including heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer.
Underweight is a condition in which a person has too little body fat. Underweight can be caused by a number of factors, including malnutrition, eating disorders, and certain medical conditions.
Starvation is a condition in which a person does not have enough food to eat. Starvation can lead to a number of health problems, including malnutrition, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance.
What is nutrition?
Nutrition is the process of taking in and using food to support life. It includes the absorption, transport, and use of nutrients by cells to produce energy, build and repair tissues, and regulate body functions.
What are the six essential nutrients?
The six essential nutrients are water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals.
What are the functions of water?
Water is essential for life. It is used in many bodily functions, including:
- Transporting nutrients and oxygen to cells
- Removing waste products from cells
- Regulating body temperature
- Lubricating joints
- Protecting organs and tissues
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of energy. They are broken down into glucose, which is then used by cells to produce energy. Carbohydrates also help to regulate blood sugar levels and provide fiber, which is important for digestive health.
What are the functions of protein?
Protein is essential for the growth and repair of tissues. It is also used to make enzymes, hormones, and antibodies. Protein is found in meat, Poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, beans, lentils, and nuts.
What are the functions of fat?
Fat is a source of energy and helps to insulate the body. It also helps to absorb vitamins A, D, E, and K. Fat is found in meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, oils, and nuts.
What are the functions of vitamins?
Vitamins are essential for many bodily functions, including:
- Metabolism
- Growth
- Repair of tissues
- Immune function
- Vision
- Blood clotting
Vitamins are found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy products, and meat.
What are the functions of minerals?
Minerals are essential for many bodily functions, including:
- Bone health
- Muscle function
- Nerve function
- Enzyme function
- Fluid balance
Minerals are found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy products, meat, and seafood.
What are the different types of diets?
There are many different types of diets, each with its own set of benefits and risks. Some common types of diets include:
- The Mediterranean diet: This diet is based on the traditional foods eaten in the Mediterranean region. It is high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, and olive oil.
- The DASH diet: This diet is designed to lower blood pressure. It is high in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products.
- The Paleo diet: This diet is based on the foods that our hunter-gatherer ancestors ate. It is high in protein and fiber and low in processed foods.
- The Ketogenic diet: This diet is very low in carbohydrates and high in fat. It is used to treat epilepsy and other conditions.
- The Vegan diet: This diet excludes all animal products, including meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products.
- The Vegetarian diet: This diet excludes meat, but includes poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products.
What are the different types of eating disorders?
Eating disorders are serious mental illnesses that can have devastating consequences. Some common types of eating disorders include:
- Anorexia nervosa: This is characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though the person is already underweight.
- Bulimia nervosa: This is characterized by cycles of binge eating (eating large amounts of food in a short period of time) followed by purging (vomiting, using laxatives, or exercising excessively).
- Binge eating disorder: This is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating without purging.
- Eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS): This is a category for eating disorders that do not meet the full criteria for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder.
What are the signs and symptoms of eating disorders?
The signs and symptoms of eating disorders can vary depending on the specific disorder. However, some common signs and symptoms include:
- Extreme weight loss or gain
- Obsession with food and weight
- Avoidance of social situations
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Self-harm
If you or someone you know is struggling with an eating disorder, please seek professional help. There are many Resources available to help people recover from eating disorders.
-
Which of the following is not a type of nutrient?
(A) Carbohydrate
(B) Protein
(C) Vitamin
(D) Mineral
(E) Water -
Which of the following is not a function of carbohydrates?
(A) Provide energy
(B) Build and repair tissues
(C) Regulate body temperature
(D) Transport nutrients
(E) Store energy -
Which of the following is not a function of proteins?
(A) Build and repair tissues
(B) Regulate body temperature
(C) Transport nutrients
(D) Store energy
(E) Provide energy -
Which of the following is not a function of vitamins?
(A) Regulate body functions
(B) Build and repair tissues
(C) Transport nutrients
(D) Store energy
(E) Provide energy -
Which of the following is not a function of minerals?
(A) Build and repair tissues
(B) Regulate body functions
(C) Transport nutrients
(D) Store energy
(E) Provide energy -
Which of the following is the most common type of carbohydrate?
(A) Starch
(B) Glucose
(C) Cellulose
(D) Glycogen
(E) Sucrose -
Which of the following is the most common type of protein?
(A) Collagen
(B) Elastin
(C) Keratin
(D) Myosin
(E) Hemoglobin -
Which of the following is the most common type of vitamin?
(A) Vitamin A
(B) Vitamin B
(C) Vitamin C
(D) Vitamin D
(E) Vitamin E -
Which of the following is the most common type of mineral?
(A) Calcium
(B) Phosphorus
(C) Potassium
(D) Sodium
(E) Magnesium -
Which of the following is the best source of carbohydrates?
(A) Fruits
(B) Vegetables
(C) Grains
(D) Dairy products
(E) Meats -
Which of the following is the best source of proteins?
(A) Fruits
(B) Vegetables
(C) Grains
(D) Dairy products
(E) Meats -
Which of the following is the best source of vitamins?
(A) Fruits
(B) Vegetables
(C) Grains
(D) Dairy products
(E) Meats -
Which of the following is the best source of minerals?
(A) Fruits
(B) Vegetables
(C) Grains
(D) Dairy products
(E) Meats -
Which of the following is the best way to get the nutrients you need?
(A) Eat a balanced diet
(B) Take supplements
(C) Eat processed foods
(D) Eat fast food
(E) Starve yourself -
Which of the following is the best way to lose weight?
(A) Eat a balanced diet
(B) Exercise regularly
(C) Take supplements
(D) Eat processed foods
(E) Starve yourself