Non Co-operation and Khilafat Movement

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  • Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms 1919: Dyarchy
  • In a system called “dyarchy,” the nation-building departments of government — agriculture, Education, public works, and the like — were placed under ministers who were individually responsible to the legislature. The departments that made up the “steel frame” of British rule — finance, revenue, and home affairs — were retained by executive councillors who were nominated by the Governor.
  • The Hunter Committee report praised the actions of general Dyer.
  • Khilafat Movement
    • For support of Turkey
    • Khilafat Committee formed under the Leadership of Ali Brothers, Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Hasrat Mohani
    • The promises made to the Khilafat Committee were not kept after the World War.
    • The All-India Khilafat Conference held at Delhi in November 1919 decided to withdraw all cooperation from the government if their demands were not met.
    • On June 9 1920, the Khilafat Committee at Allahabad unanimously accepted the suggestion of non-cooperation and asked Gandhiji to lead the movement.
  • Khilafat movement cemented Hindu-Muslim unity
    • Gandhiji looked upon the Khilafat agitation as “an opportunity of uniting Hindus and Mohammedans as would not arise in a hundred years”
  • The non-cooperation movement was launched on August 1, 1920. Lokmanya Tilak passed away on the same day.
  • People countrywide observed hartal and took out processions.
  • The congress met in September at Calcutta and accepted non-co-operation as its own.
  • The programme of non-cooperation included:
    • Surrender of titles and honors
    • Boycott of government affiliated schools and colleges, law courts, foreign cloth and could be extended to resignation from government Services.
    • Mass civil disobedience including the non-payment of taxes.
    • National schools and colleges were to be set up
    • Panchayats were to be established to settle disputes
    • Hand-spinning and weaving was encouraged
    • People were asked to maintain Hindu-Muslim unity, give up untouchability and observe strict non-violence.
    • Changes in Congress to attain the new objective:
      • At the Nagpur session in 1920 changes in the Constitution of Congress were made.
      • The goal of congress was changed from the attainment of self-government by constitutional and legal means to the attainment of Swaraj by peaceful and legitimate means.
      • The Congress now had a Working Committee of fifteen members to look after its day to day affairs.
      • Provincial congress committees were now organized on a linguistic basis.
      • Mahalla and ward committees were formed.
      • The membership fee was reduced to 4 annas a years to enable poor to become members.
      • This was not without opposition however. Some members still believed in the traditional methods. Leaders like Jinnah, GS Khaparde, Bipin Chandra Pal and Annie Besant left congress during this time.
    • Gandhiji, along with the Ali brother, undertook a nationwide tour to address people.
    • Thousands of students left government schools and joined national schools.
    • The most successful item of the programme was the boycott of foreign cloth.
    • Picketing of toddy shops was also very popular.
    • Students let government schools and colleges. IT was during this time that Jamia Milia Islamia of Aligarh, the Bihar Vidyapith, the Kashi Vidyapith and the Gujarat Vidyapith came into existence.
    • Lawyers such as  Deshbandhu CR Das, Motilal Nehru, Rajendra Prasad, Saifudiin Kitchlew, C Rajagopalachari, Sardar Patel, T Prakasam and Asaf Ali gave up their legal practice.
    • Tilak Swarajya Fund was started to finance the NCM.
    • In 1921, Khilafat Committee issued a resolution that no muslim should serve in the British Indian army.
    • The visit of the Prince of Wales on 17th November 1921 was observed as a day of hartal all over the country.
    • The Congress Volunteer Corps emerged as a powerful parallel police.
    • By December 1921, the government felt that things were going too far and announced a change of policy by declaring the volunteer corps illegal and arresting all those who claimed to be its members.
    • Thousands of peasants and tenants participated in the movement.
    • In Punjab, the Akali movement to remove corrupt mahants from the Gurudwaras was started.
    • Assam: Tea plantation workers went on strike. Midnapore: peasants refused to pay Union Board taxes.                 Guntur (Chirala): Agitation led by Duggirala Gopalakrishayya                       Malabar: Mohlahs (muslim peasants) created a powerful anti-zamindari movement.
    • As the government refused to yield, Gandhiji announced that mass civil disobedience would begin in Bardoli taluqa of Surat.
    • However, in Chauri Chaura, Gorakhpur on 5 February 1922 crowd set fire on a police station and killed some policemen. On hearing this, Gandhiji decided to withdraw the movement.
    • The congress working committee ratified his decision. Thus, on February 12, 1922, the non-cooperation movement came to an end.
    • Assessing the Withdrawal:
      • Some scholars say that Gandhiji withdrew the movement because he wanted to protect the interests of the propertied class.
      • Some argue that there was no logic why a small incident should lead to withdrawal of the movement itself.
      • However, government could use Chauri Chaura to justify its repression of the movement.
      • If movement was started at that time, it would have been defeated due to the repression of the government.
      • Gandhiji was protecting the movement from likely repression, and the people from demoralization.
      • Mass Movements tend to ebb in some time. Hence, withdrawal is a part of the strategy of mass movements.
    • Gandhiji was tried in 1922 and sentenced to six years’ imprisonment.
      • He invited the court to award him “the highest penalty that can be inflicted upon me for what in law is a deliberate crime, and what appears to be the highest duty of a citizen”.
    • Positives out of the non-cooperation movement:
      • Congress started commanding the support and sympathy of vast sections of the Indian people.
      • Millions of Indians became politically involved. Women were drawn into the movement.
      • Muslims participated heavily and communal unity was maintained.
      • Strengthened the national movement. Nationalist sentiments and the national movement had reached the remotest corners of the land.
      • People gained tremendous self-confidence and self-esteem.

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    The Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movement was a major political movement in India that took place in the early 20th century. The movement was launched in 1919 in response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Rowlatt Act. The movement was led by Mahatma Gandhi and Maulana Azad. The main goals of the movement were to achieve swaraj (self-rule) for India and to protect the rights of Muslims in India. The movement was successful in achieving some of its goals, but it also led to violence and division in India.

    The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was a massacre of unarmed Indian civilians by British Indian Army soldiers in the Jallianwala Bagh garden in Amritsar, Punjab, India on 13 April 1919. The massacre was ordered by Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, the acting commander of the British Indian Army in the Punjab. The massacre took place during the Baisakhi festival, when thousands of unarmed Indian men, women, and children had gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh to celebrate the festival and to listen to speeches. Dyer ordered his soldiers to open fire on the crowd without warning, killing at least 379 people and injuring over 1,200 others. The massacre was a major turning point in the Indian independence movement.

    The Rowlatt Act was an act of the British Indian Parliament that was passed on 18 March 1919. The act gave the British government the power to arrest and detain people without trial, and to suppress public meetings and protests. The act was widely seen as a violation of civil liberties, and it led to widespread protests in India.

    Mahatma Gandhi was the leader of the Indian independence movement. He is also known as the Father of India. Gandhi was a lawyer and a social activist who believed in non-violence and civil disobedience. He led many protests and demonstrations against British rule in India. Gandhi was assassinated on 30 January 1948.

    Maulana Azad was an Indian independence activist, scholar, and politician. He was the first Education Minister of India. Azad was a leader of the Indian National Congress, and he was one of the most important figures in the Indian independence movement. Azad was a Muslim, but he believed in Hindu-Muslim unity. He was a strong advocate for Secularism-2/”>Secularism and Democracy. Azad died on 22 February 1958.

    Swaraj is a Sanskrit word that means “self-rule” or “self-government”. It is a concept that has been important in Indian politics since the early 20th century. The Indian independence movement was based on the goal of achieving swaraj for India.

    The Khilafat was the caliphate, or the office of the spiritual leader of all Muslims. The Khilafat was abolished in 1924 by the Turkish government. The abolition of the Khilafat led to protests and demonstrations in India, and it was one of the factors that led to the Non-Cooperation Movement.

    The Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movement was a largely peaceful movement, but there were some incidents of violence. The most notable incident of violence was the Chauri Chaura incident, which took place on 5 February 1922. In this incident, a group of protesters set fire to a police station in Chauri Chaura, killing 22 policemen. The Chauri Chaura incident led to Gandhi calling off the Non-Cooperation Movement.

    The Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movement led to some division in India. The movement was largely supported by Hindus and Muslims, but there were some Hindu-Muslim riots during the movement. The movement also led to some division within the Indian National Congress.

    The Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movement was a major turning point in the Indian independence movement. The movement was successful in achieving some of its goals, but it also led to violence and division in India.

    The Non-Cooperation Movement was a mass protest campaign launched in India in 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi to pressure the British government to grant India independence. The movement was successful in mobilizing millions of Indians and in bringing about a number of political reforms, but it ultimately failed to achieve its goal of independence.

    The Khilafat Movement was a pan-Islamic movement that was launched in India in 1919 in support of the Ottoman Caliphate, which had been abolished by the victorious Allies after World War I. The movement was led by Indian Muslim leaders such as Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Shaukat Ali, and it attracted widespread support among Indian Muslims. The Khilafat Movement was eventually unsuccessful in its goal of restoring the Ottoman Caliphate, but it played a significant role in the development of Indian nationalism.

    Here are some frequently asked questions about the Non-Cooperation Movement:

    1. What was the Non-Cooperation Movement?
      The Non-Cooperation Movement was a mass protest campaign launched in India in 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi to pressure the British government to grant India independence.

    2. When did the Non-Cooperation Movement start?
      The Non-Cooperation Movement started in 1920.

    3. Who led the Non-Cooperation Movement?
      The Non-Cooperation Movement was led by Mahatma Gandhi.

    4. What were the goals of the Non-Cooperation Movement?
      The goals of the Non-Cooperation Movement were to pressure the British government to grant India independence and to improve the lives of Indian peasants and workers.

    5. What were the methods used by the Non-Cooperation Movement?
      The Non-Cooperation Movement used a variety of methods, including boycotts, strikes, and protests.

    6. What was the impact of the Non-Cooperation Movement?
      The Non-Cooperation Movement was successful in mobilizing millions of Indians and in bringing about a number of political reforms, but it ultimately failed to achieve its goal of independence.

    Here are some frequently asked questions about the Khilafat Movement:

    1. What was the Khilafat Movement?
      The Khilafat Movement was a pan-Islamic movement that was launched in India in 1919 in support of the Ottoman Caliphate, which had been abolished by the victorious Allies after World War I.

    2. When did the Khilafat Movement start?
      The Khilafat Movement started in 1919.

    3. Who led the Khilafat Movement?
      The Khilafat Movement was led by Indian Muslim leaders such as Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Shaukat Ali.

    4. What were the goals of the Khilafat Movement?
      The goals of the Khilafat Movement were to restore the Ottoman Caliphate and to improve the lives of Indian Muslims.

    5. What were the methods used by the Khilafat Movement?
      The Khilafat Movement used a variety of methods, including boycotts, strikes, and protests.

    6. What was the impact of the Khilafat Movement?
      The Khilafat Movement was successful in mobilizing millions of Indian Muslims and in bringing about a number of political reforms, but it ultimately failed to achieve its goal of restoring the Ottoman Caliphate.

    Question 1

    The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched in 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi. Which of the following was not one of the reasons for the movement?

    (A) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre
    (B) The Rowlatt Act
    (C) The Khilafat issue
    (D) The Simon Commission

    Answer
    (C) The Khilafat issue was not one of the reasons for the Non-Cooperation Movement. The Khilafat issue was a religious issue that concerned the position of the Ottoman Sultan as the Caliph of Islam. The Non-Cooperation Movement was a political movement that was launched to protest against British rule in India.

    Question 2

    The Khilafat Movement was a movement launched by Indian Muslims in 1919 to protest against the British decision to abolish the Ottoman Caliphate. Which of the following was not one of the leaders of the Khilafat Movement?

    (A) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
    (B) Mahatma Gandhi
    (C) Shaukat Ali
    (D) Mohammad Ali

    Answer
    (B) Mahatma Gandhi was not one of the leaders of the Khilafat Movement. Mahatma Gandhi was a Hindu leader who was the leader of the Non-Cooperation Movement. The Khilafat Movement was a Muslim movement that was led by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Shaukat Ali, and Mohammad Ali.

    Question 3

    The Non-Cooperation Movement was a major turning point in Indian history. Which of the following was not one of the results of the movement?

    (A) The British government was forced to give up the Rowlatt Act.
    (B) The Indian National Congress became a mass movement.
    (C) The Khilafat Movement was weakened.
    (D) The British government was forced to grant India independence.

    Answer
    (D) The British government was not forced to grant India independence as a result of the Non-Cooperation Movement. The Non-Cooperation Movement was a major turning point in Indian history, but it did not lead to India’s independence. India gained independence in 1947, 27 years after the Non-Cooperation Movement.

    Question 4

    The Non-Cooperation Movement was a major turning point in Indian history. Which of the following was not one of the reasons for the success of the movement?

    (A) The support of the Indian National Congress
    (B) The support of the Muslim League
    (C) The support of the peasants and workers
    (D) The support of the British government

    Answer
    (D) The support of the British government was not one of the reasons for the success of the Non-Cooperation Movement. The British government was opposed to the Non-Cooperation Movement and tried to suppress it. However, the movement was successful because it had the support of the Indian National Congress, the Muslim League, the peasants and workers.

    Question 5

    The Non-Cooperation Movement was a major turning point in Indian history. Which of the following was not one of the lessons learned from the movement?

    (A) The need for unity among Indians
    (B) The need for non-violence
    (C) The need for mass mobilization
    (D) The need for cooperation with the British government

    Answer
    (D) The need for cooperation with the British government was not one of the lessons learned from the Non-Cooperation Movement. The Non-Cooperation Movement was a movement of non-cooperation with the British government. The movement taught Indians the need for unity, non-violence, and mass mobilization.

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