Non Co-operation and Khilafat Movement- For RAS RTS Mains Exam and Ras Rts Prelims Examination

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Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms 1919: Dyarchy

In a system called “dyarchy,” the nation-building departments of government — agriculture, Education, public works, and the like — were placed under ministers who were individually responsible to the legislature. The departments that made up the “steel frame” of British rule — finance, revenue, and home affairs — were retained by executive councillors who were nominated by the Governor.

The Hunter Committee report praised the actions of general Dyer.

Khilafat Movement

For support of Turkey
Khilafat Committee formed under the Leadership of Ali Brothers, Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Hasrat Mohani
The promises made to the Khilafat Committee were not kept after the World War.
The All-India Khilafat Conference held at Delhi in November 1919 decided to withdraw all cooperation from the government if their demands were not met.
On June 9 1920, the Khilafat Committee at Allahabad unanimously accepted the suggestion of non-cooperation and asked Gandhiji to lead the movement.

Khilafat movement cemented Hindu-Muslim unity

Gandhiji looked upon the Khilafat agitation as “an opportunity of uniting Hindus and Mohammedans as would not arise in a hundred years”

The non-cooperation movement was launched on August 1, 1920. Lokmanya Tilak passed away on the same day.

People countrywide observed hartal and took out processions.

The congress met in September at Calcutta and accepted non-co-operation as its own.

The programme of non-cooperation included:

Surrender of titles and honors
Boycott of government affiliated schools and colleges, law courts, foreign cloth and could be extended to resignation from government Services.
Mass civil disobedience including the non-payment of taxes.
National schools and colleges were to be set up
Panchayats were to be established to settle disputes
Hand-spinning and weaving was encouraged
People were asked to maintain Hindu-Muslim unity, give up untouchability and observe strict non-violence.

Changes in Congress to attain the new objective:
- At the Nagpur session in 1920 changes in the Constitution of Congress were made.
- The goal of congress was changed from the attainment of self-government by constitutional and legal means to the attainment of Swaraj by peaceful and legitimate means.
- The Congress now had a Working Committee of fifteen members to look after its day to day affairs.
- Provincial congress committees were now organized on a linguistic basis.
- Mahalla and ward committees were formed.
- The membership fee was reduced to 4 annas a years to enable poor to become members.
- This was not without opposition however. Some members still believed in the traditional methods. Leaders like Jinnah, GS Khaparde, Bipin Chandra Pal and Annie Besant left congress during this time.

Gandhiji, along with the Ali brother, undertook a nationwide tour to address people.
Thousands of students left government schools and joined national schools.
The most successful item of the programme was the boycott of foreign cloth.
Picketing of toddy shops was also very popular.
Students let government schools and colleges. IT was during this time that Jamia Milia Islamia of Aligarh, the Bihar Vidyapith, the Kashi Vidyapith and the Gujarat Vidyapith came into existence.
Lawyers such as Deshbandhu CR Das, Motilal Nehru, Rajendra Prasad, Saifudiin Kitchlew, C Rajagopalachari, Sardar Patel, T Prakasam and Asaf Ali gave up their legal practice.
Tilak Swarajya Fund was started to finance the NCM.
In 1921, Khilafat Committee issued a resolution that no muslim should serve in the British Indian army.
The visit of the Prince of Wales on 17^th November 1921 was observed as a day of hartal all over the country.
The Congress Volunteer Corps emerged as a powerful parallel police.
By December 1921, the government felt that things were going too far and announced a change of policy by declaring the volunteer corps illegal and arresting all those who claimed to be its members.
Thousands of peasants and tenants participated in the movement.
In Punjab, the Akali movement to remove corrupt mahants from the Gurudwaras was started.
Assam: Tea plantation workers went on strike. Midnapore: peasants refused to pay Union Board taxes. Guntur (Chirala): Agitation led by Duggirala Gopalakrishayya Malabar: Mohlahs (muslim peasants) created a powerful anti-zamindari movement.
As the government refused to yield, Gandhiji announced that mass civil disobedience would begin in Bardoli taluqa of Surat.
However, in Chauri Chaura, Gorakhpur on 5 February 1922 crowd set fire on a police station and killed some policemen. On hearing this, Gandhiji decided to withdraw the movement.
The congress working committee ratified his decision. Thus, on February 12, 1922, the non-cooperation movement came to an end.
Assessing the Withdrawal:
- Some scholars say that Gandhiji withdrew the movement because he wanted to protect the interests of the propertied class.
- Some argue that there was no logic why a small incident should lead to withdrawal of the movement itself.
- However, government could use Chauri Chaura to justify its repression of the movement.
- If movement was started at that time, it would have been defeated due to the repression of the government.
- Gandhiji was protecting the movement from likely repression, and the people from demoralization.
- Mass Movements tend to ebb in some time. Hence, withdrawal is a part of the strategy of mass movements.
Gandhiji was tried in 1922 and sentenced to six years’ imprisonment.
- He invited the court to award him “the highest penalty that can be inflicted upon me for what in law is a deliberate crime, and what appears to be the highest duty of a citizen”.

Positives out of the non-cooperation movement:
- Congress started commanding the support and sympathy of vast sections of the Indian people.
- Millions of Indians became politically involved. Women were drawn into the movement.
- Muslims participated heavily and communal unity was maintained.
- Strengthened the national movement. Nationalist sentiments and the national movement had reached the remotest corners of the land.
- People gained tremendous self-confidence and self-esteem.

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The Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements were two major movements that took place in India in the early 20th century. The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched in 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi, while the Khilafat Movement was launched in 1919 by Indian Muslims. Both movements were aimed at achieving independence for India from British rule.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was a major turning point in the Indian independence movement. It was the first time that a mass movement had been launched against British rule. The movement was successful in mobilizing millions of Indians and in raising awareness of the Indian independence movement. The movement also led to the British government making some concessions to the Indian people. However, the movement was ultimately unsuccessful in achieving its goal of independence for India.

The Khilafat Movement was a religious movement that was aimed at protecting the rights of Muslims in India. The movement was launched in 1919 after the Ottoman Empire was defeated in World War I. The Ottoman Empire was the seat of the Caliphate, which was the spiritual leader of all Muslims. The British government abolished the Caliphate, which angered many Indian Muslims. The Khilafat Movement was successful in mobilizing millions of Indian Muslims and in raising awareness of the issue of the Caliphate. However, the movement was ultimately unsuccessful in achieving its goal of protecting the rights of Muslims in India.

The Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements were two major movements that had a significant impact on India. The movements helped to raise awareness of the Indian independence movement and to unite Hindus and Muslims. The movements also led to the British government making some concessions to the Indian people. However, the movements were ultimately unsuccessful in achieving their goal of independence for India.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920. The movement was a response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, which had taken place in Amritsar, Punjab, on April 13, 1919. In the massacre, British troops opened fire on a peaceful crowd of unarmed Indian civilians, killing hundreds and injuring thousands. The Non-Cooperation Movement was also a response to the Rowlatt Act, which was a repressive law that was passed by the British government in 1919. The law gave the government the power to arrest and detain people without trial.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was based on the principles of non-violence and civil disobedience. Gandhi believed that these principles were the only way to achieve independence for India. The movement called for Indians to boycott British goods, to withdraw their children from British schools, and to resign from government jobs. The movement also called for strikes and demonstrations.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was a major success. It mobilized millions of Indians and raised awareness of the Indian independence movement. The movement also led to the British government making some concessions to the Indian people. However, the movement was ultimately unsuccessful in achieving its goal of independence for India.

The Khilafat Movement was launched by Indian Muslims in 1919. The movement was a response to the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I. The Ottoman Empire was the seat of the Caliphate, which was the spiritual leader of all Muslims. The British government abolished the Caliphate, which angered many Indian Muslims. The Khilafat Movement was aimed at protecting the rights of Muslims in India and at restoring the Caliphate.

The Khilafat Movement was also based on the principles of non-violence and civil disobedience. The movement called for Indians to boycott British goods, to withdraw their children from British schools, and to resign from government jobs. The movement also called for strikes and demonstrations.

The Khilafat Movement was a major success. It mobilized millions of Indian Muslims and raised awareness of the issue of the Caliphate. The movement also led to the British government making some concessions to the Indian people. However, the movement was ultimately unsuccessful in achieving its goal of protecting the rights of Muslims in India.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was a mass protest movement launched in India in 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi. The movement was launched in response to the British government’s decision to pass the Rowlatt Act, which gave the government sweeping powers to arrest and detain people without trial. The movement called for Indians to boycott British goods and institutions, and to withdraw from government-run schools and colleges. The Non-Cooperation Movement was a major turning point in the Indian independence movement, and it helped to galvanize support for Gandhi’s methods of nonviolent resistance.

The Khilafat Movement was a pan-Islamic movement that was launched in India in 1919 in support of the Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman Caliphate was the spiritual and political leader of the Muslim world, and its abolition by the victorious Allied powers after World War I was seen as a major blow to Muslims around the world. The Khilafat Movement was led by Indian Muslim leaders such as Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Shaukat Ali, and it called for Indians to boycott British goods and institutions in protest against the abolition of the Caliphate. The Khilafat Movement was a major factor in the rise of Mahatma Gandhi and the Non-Cooperation Movement, and it helped to unite Hindus and Muslims in the fight for Indian independence.

Here are some frequently asked questions about the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements:

What were the causes of the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements?

The Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements were both caused by British rule in India. The Rowlatt Act, which gave the British government sweeping powers to arrest and detain people without trial, was a major cause of the Non-Cooperation Movement. The abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate, which was the spiritual and political leader of the Muslim world, was a major cause of the Khilafat Movement.

Who were the leaders of the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements?

The Non-Cooperation Movement was led by Mahatma Gandhi. The Khilafat Movement was led by Indian Muslim leaders such as Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Shaukat Ali.

What were the goals of the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements?

The goal of the Non-Cooperation Movement was to achieve swaraj, or self-rule, for India. The goal of the Khilafat Movement was to restore the Ottoman Caliphate.

What were the results of the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements?

The Non-Cooperation Movement was a major turning point in the Indian independence movement. It helped to galvanize support for Gandhi’s methods of nonviolent resistance, and it led to the formation of the Indian National Congress. The Khilafat Movement was also a major factor in the rise of Mahatma Gandhi and the Non-Cooperation Movement. It helped to unite Hindus and Muslims in the fight for Indian independence.

What were the criticisms of the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements?

The Non-Cooperation Movement was criticized for being too violent. The Khilafat Movement was criticized for being too religious.

What are the legacies of the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements?

The Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements are both considered to be important events in the history of the Indian independence movement. They helped to pave the way for the independence of India in 1947.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was a major political movement in India that took place from 1920 to 1922. The movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in response to the British government’s decision to pass the Rowlatt Act. The Rowlatt Act gave the British government the power to imprison people without trial, and Gandhi believed that it was a violation of Indian rights.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was a mass movement that involved millions of Indians. The movement called for Indians to boycott British goods and institutions, and to withdraw their cooperation from the British government. The movement was successful in achieving some of its goals, such as the repeal of the Rowlatt Act. However, it was also met with violence and repression from the British government.

The Khilafat Movement was a political movement that was launched in India in 1919. The movement was led by Indian Muslims who were concerned about the future of the Ottoman Empire, which was the seat of the Caliphate, the spiritual leader of all Muslims. The Ottoman Empire had been defeated in World War I, and the British government was considering abolishing the Caliphate.

The Khilafat Movement was a mass movement that involved millions of Indian Muslims. The movement called for the British government to preserve the Caliphate. The movement was successful in achieving some of its goals, such as the British government’s promise to preserve the Caliphate. However, the Caliphate was eventually abolished in 1924.

The Non-Cooperation Movement and the Khilafat Movement were two of the most important political movements in Indian history. The movements were both led by Mahatma Gandhi, and they both involved millions of Indians. The movements were successful in achieving some of their goals, but they were also met with violence and repression from the British government.

Here are some MCQs on the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movement:

The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched in response to the British government’s decision to pass the:
(A) Rowlatt Act
(B) Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
(C) Government of India Act of 1935
(D) Indian Independence Act of 1947
The Non-Cooperation Movement called for Indians to boycott British goods and institutions, and to withdraw their cooperation from the British government. Which of the following is NOT an example of a boycott that was carried out during the Non-Cooperation Movement?
(A) Boycott of British cloth
(B) Boycott of British schools
(C) Boycott of British courts
(D) Boycott of British Elections
The Non-Cooperation Movement was successful in achieving some of its goals, such as the repeal of the Rowlatt Act. However, it was also met with violence and repression from the British government. Which of the following is NOT an example of violence that was used against the Non-Cooperation Movement?
(A) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre
(B) The Chauri Chaura incident
(C) The Meerut Conspiracy Case
(D) The Kakori train robbery
The Khilafat Movement was a political movement that was launched in India in 1919. The movement was led by Indian Muslims who were concerned about the future of the Ottoman Empire, which was the seat of the Caliphate, the spiritual leader of all Muslims. Which of the following is NOT a goal of the Khilafat Movement?
(A) To preserve the Caliphate
(B) To achieve self-rule for India
(C) To end British rule in India
(D) To establish an Islamic state in India
The Khilafat Movement was a mass movement that involved millions of Indian Muslims. The movement was successful in achieving some of its goals, such as the British government’s promise to preserve the Caliphate. However, the Caliphate was eventually abolished in 1924. Which of the following is NOT a reason why the Caliphate was abolished?
(A) The Ottoman Empire was defeated in World War I
(B) The Turkish government was secular and did not want to continue the Caliphate
(C) The British government was opposed to the Caliphate
(D) The Muslim world was divided on the issue of the Caliphate