Movements/Organizations

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Aligarh Movement Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan Deoband Represented  by  Mohammad  Qasim  Nanautavi  &  Rashid  Ahmad  Gangohi. Movement Nanautavi founded the ‘Dar-ul-Ullema’ madrasa at Deoband. This movement was   strictly  based  on  Islamic  tradition unlike liberal  Aligarh movement.   The  also   promulgated a fatwa against Sayyid Ahmad’s associations. In 1919, Mufti Liyaqat   Ullah  Sahib  founded  the,  ‘Jamaitul  Ulema-i-Hind’  to  further  work  in  this   direction. His role was prominent in the Khilafat movement. Muslim League Nawab Wakar-ul-Mulk presided over a gathering at the invitation of Nawab Salim   Ullah of Dacca. Muslim league was the result. The constitution of the league was   prepared in 1907 at Karachi. The first session of the league was held in 1908 at   Amritsar. The same year Aga Khan became the president. The league supported   partition of Bengal & was a loyalist organization. After 1913 Aga Khan left the   league which led to the emergence of new leaders like Muhammad Ali, Shaukat   Ali & M.A. Ansari. Home Rule League Estd by Annie Besant at Madras in September 1916. She was the president &   other   members   included   Arundale,   P.C.   Ramaswamy   Iyer,   V.P.   Wadia.   Balgangadhar Tilak had estd another Home Rule League in April 1916 at Pune. Champaran European  planters  forced  the  farmers  to  cultivate  Indigo  on  atleast  3/20 Satyagraha 1917 (Tinkathiya) parts of their land. Rajendra Prasad, Mazhur-ul-Haq, J.B. Kriplani,   Mahadev Desai accompanied him. An enquiry was set up to alleviate miseries of   which even Gandhi was a member. Kheda Satyagraha Kheda peasants refused to pay revenue due to failure of crops. After Satyagraha

 

 

 

 

1918 the government issued instructions to collect revenue only from those who could
  afford to pay. Indulal Yagnik & Vallabh Bhai Patel supported Gandhi.
Ahmedabad Mill Mahatma Gandhi considered 35 % increase in salary as just. He undertook a fast
Problem 1918 unto death & the strike came to an end. Ambalal Sarabhai’s sister Anasuya Behn
  was main lieutenant of Gandhi here.
Rowlatt Act In March 1919, the Britishers passed the Rowlatt Act according to which any
  Indian could be arrested on the basis of suspicion. A nationwide satyagraha was
  organized which involved arrest of Mahatma Gandhi, Dr Satyapal, Dr. Saiffuddin
  Kitchlew & Arya Samaj leader Swami Shradhananda (shoot if you can rally).
Jallianwala Bagh Demanded  to  know  the  whereabouts  of  Satyapal  and  Kitchlew  throught  the
Massacre reciting of  the poem ‘Fariyad’ on the day of Baisakhi (13th  April, 1919). Martial
  law was proclaimed later at Lahore, Gujarat & Layal with curfew at Amritsar. An
  enquiry was setup under Hunter. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his title.
Khilafat Movement Sultan of Turkey was the Caliph. The allied powers were arrayed against Turkey.
  Mulana Abul Kalam Azad, M.A. Ansari, Saiffudin Kitchlew, Maulvi Abdulbari,
  Hakim Ajmal Khan & the Ali brothers were prominent leaders. British signed the
  Treaty of Tibers, partitioned Turkey & its Sultan was made a prisoner & sent to
  Constantinople.
Non Cooperation Approval at Congress session in 1920. Leaders like Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Annie
1920-22 Besant & Bipin Chandra Pal not in agreement & left the congress. Students took
  their names off school. Kashi Vidyapeeth, Bihar Vidyapeeth, Jamia Milia Islamia
  were set up. No Congress leader contested for Elections. Mass demonstrations
  before  Duke  of  Connaught  &  Prince  of  wales.  Tilak  Swarajya  Fund  was
  established. Moplah rebellion was the ugly face. Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, UP
  incidence led to its recall. Congress leaders like Motilal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das
  formed as separate group within the congress known as Swarajya Party with a
  purpose not to let the movement lapse.
AITUC Formed  in  1920  with  Lotvala’s  help.  M.N  Roy,  Muzzafarabad  Ahmad,  S.  A
1920 Dange  &  Shaukat  Osmani  led  the  trade  unionist  movements.  The  Britishers
  leveled the kanpur/Meerut conspiracy against them.
Swaraj Party Suspension   of   Non   Cooperation   movement   disoriented   the   Leadership.
  Chittaranjan Das & Motilal Nehru were called ‘Pro-Changers’ & did not support
  the non cooperation movement. The other group was ‘no-changers’ & included C.
  Rajgopalachari, M.A. Ansari. In 1923 Das & Nehru formed the Swaraj Party at
  Allahabad with a view to take part in the 1923 Council elections. The swaraj party
  got  clear  majority  in  the  Central  legislature  &  Provincial  legislatures  except
  Bengal. After the passing away of Chittaranjan Das in 1925 the party weakened &
  further some of the leaders became corrupt. Therefore in the election of 1926 it
  suffered miserable defeat in all the provinces except Madras.
Hindustan Established in October 1924 in Kanpur by revolutionaries like Ramprasad Bismil,
Republic Jogesh Chatterjee, Chandrashekhar Azad and Sachindranath Sanyal. The Kakori
Associaiton 1924 Train Action was a notable act of terrorism by this group but trial prooved to be a
  major  setback.However,  the  group  was  reorganized  under  the  leadership  of
  Chandrashekhar Azad and with members like Bhagat Singh, Bhagwati Charan
  Vohra  and  Sukhdev  on  9  and  10  September  1928-  and  the  group  was  now
  christened Hindustan Socialist  Republican  Association (HSRA).  Bhagat  Singh,
  Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged in March 1931.
Communist Party Was declared illegal in 1934. This ban continued till 1942 when there was an

 

 

 

of India 1925 agreement that the communist will support British in the war effort & sabotage the
  Quit India Movement. In a memorandum to the Cabinet Mission in 1946, they put
  forward a plan for the division of India into 17 sovereign states.
Bardoli Satyagraha In Bardoli district of Surat under Vallabh Bhai Patel. The government had raised
  the tax rate by 30% despite famine.
All India States Formed  in  1926  whose  first  session  was  held  under  the  presidentship  of  the
People Conference famous leader of Ellore, Diwan Bahadur M. Ramachandra Rai.
Simon The purpose was the review the Act of 1919 after a gap of ten years. The 7
Commission member commission was labeled ‘White Men Commission’. Huge demonstration
  under Govind Vallabh Pant at Lucknow & Lala Lajpat at Lahore. The report of
  Simon  Commission  was  published  in  May  1930.  It   stated  the  constitutional
  experiment  with  Dyarchy  was  unsuccessful  &  in  its  place  recommended  the
  establishment  of  autonomous  government.  It  recommended  special  powers  to
  governor  general  &  governors  to  look  after  the  interest  of  minorities,
  strengthening  the  centre,  increasing  electorate  base  on  communal  basis,
  Indianization of defence forces, delink Burma from India & Sindh from Bombay.
  The Indians rejected the report as it gave no regard to Dominion Status. It became
  a basis for the Govt of India Act 1935.
Nehru Report, Secretary  of  State,  Lord  Birkenhead  challenged  the  Indians  to  produce  a
1928 constitution that would be acceptable to all. A meeting held at Bombay set up a 8
  member committee headed by Motilal Nehru & others included Bose, Tej Bahadur
  Sapru, Sir Ali Imam, Shahib Qureshi, Sardar Mangal Singh, MS Anney & G.R
  Pradhan.  The  report  was  placed  before  Congress  Session  in  Calcutta  in  1928
  where it was adopted unanimously. It recommended reservation for minorities
  instead of separate electorates. Jinnah & President of Central Sikh league, Sardar
  Kharak  Singh  rejected  it.  Later  Jinnah  convened  an  All  India  Conference  of
  Muslims & drew up a list of 14 point. Jawahar & Bose were not happy with the
  dominion status.
Dandi March Reached Dandi after marching with 78 handpicked followers & formally launched
April 1930 the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking the Salt laws. Many muslims kept
  themselves  aloof  but  in  the  NWFP  an  organization  of  Khudai  Khidmatgar
  (Servants of Gods – Red Shirts) under Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan (Frontier Gandhi)
  participated in full.
I Round table Held under the Chairmanship of Ramsay MacDonald. Failed to resolve any issues
Conference as it was opposed by congress.
Nov 1930  
Gandhi Irwin Pact As  per  it  Gandhi  agreed  to  suspend  the  Civil  Disobedience  Movement  &
March 1931 participate in the Second Round Table conference but most of the leaders did not
  like this pact.
II Round Table At London. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India as no agreement could be reached.
Conference 1931 In January 1932 the civil disobedience movement was resumed.
McDonald The British PM Ramsay MacDonald made an announcement according to which
Communal Award the depressed classes were considered as separate community. Mahatma Gandhi
1932 went on a fast unto death in Yeravada Jail. An agreement was reached with the
  Consent of Mahatma Gandhi & Ambedkar which came to be known as ‘Poona
  Act’.  The  British  government  also  approved  it.  Accordingly  148  seats  were
  reserved in different provincial legislatures in place of 71 as per communal award.
III Round Table The  congress  once  more  didn’t  take  part  in  it.  None  the  less  the  British

 

 

 

Conference 1932 Government issued a white paper which became basis for Govt of India Act 1935.
  Individual Civil Disobedience was launched in 1933
Congress Socialist founded  in  1934  by  Jai  Praksh  Narain  &  Acharya  Narendra  Deva  within  the
Party 1934 Indian National Congress. Its members rejected what they saw as the Communist
  Party of India’s loyalty to the USSR as well as the anti-rational mysticism of
  Mohandas Gandhi. Although a socialist, Jawaharlal Nehru did not join the CSP.
  After independence, the CSP broke away from Congress, under the influence of JP
  Narayan and Basawon Singh (Sinha), to form the Socialist Party of India.
   
August Offer 1940 Envisaged that after the war a representative body of Indians would be set up to
  frame the new constitution.
Individual Started in October 1940. In it Vinoba Bhave, Jawahar Nehru & Brahma Dutt were
Satyagraha 1940 the first 3 satyagrahis.
Cripps Mission Viceroy  Lord  Linlithgow  expanded  is  Executive  council  by  taking  five  more
1942 Indians into it. The Indians were dissatisfied as it did not like the rights of the
  princely states to join or stay out of the Indian constitution. The demand for Pak
  also not considered leading to Muslim league rejecting the plan.
Quit India The fear of an impending Japanese invasion Gandhi launched this campaign. In
Movement the midst the government arrested all Indian leaders – Gandhi at Poona, others at
1942-44 Ahmadnagar fort. Rajendra Prasad was interned in Patna. The Congress Socialist
  Party  whith  its  leaders  like  Ram  Manohar  Lohia,  Achyuta  Patwardhan  played
  important role. Communist Party remained loyal to the British. The Muslims by &
  large remained indifferent.
INA Captain Mohan Singh founded it in 1942. In 1943 he reached Singapore & gave a
  the cry of ‘Dilli Chalo’. He was made the president of the Indian Independence
  League.  The  name  of  the  brigades  were  Subhash,  Gandhi,  Nehru  &  Rani
  Lakshmibai. In Nov 1943, Japan handed over Andamans & Nicobar Islands to
  him. He named  them Shaheed Island & Swaraj Island respectively. The army
  marched towards imphal after registering victory over Kohima. But later Japan
  accepted defeat & Subhas died in a plain crash after crossing Formosa Island.
C.R. Formula 1944 To resolve the constitutional impasse Rajagopalachari evolved a formula in March
  1944. But it was rejected by Jinnah who would not settle without Pakistan.
Wavell Plan & The main provisions were akin to Cripps mission proposals. It essentially dealt
Shimla Conference with  the  Indian  demand  of  self-rule  &  reconstitution  of  viceroy’s  executive
1945 council  giving  a  balanced  representation  to  the  major  communities.  Executive
  council  was  an  interim  arrangement  in  which  all  but  the  Viceory  &  the
  Commander in Chief were to be Indians & all portfolios except defence were to be
  held by Indian members. Conference broke down because of Jinnah’s insistence
  that Muslim league alone represented Indian Muslims & hence no non league
  muslim members could be nominated to viceroy’s council.
Cabinet Mission Pathick Lawrence (secretary of state for India), Stafford Cripps & A.B. Alexander.
1946 Jinnah stuck his demand for Pakistan. It proposed the formation of Union of India
  comprising  both  British  India  &  princely  states  (only  foreign,  defence  &
  Communication).  A  constitutional  assembly  was  to  be  formed  consisting  of
  representatives of Provincial assemblies & princely states, elected on communal
  basis in proportion to the Population of each province. Envisaged interim govt &
  said that until the constitution is framed & the govt estd British forces will not
  withdraw. The Congress & Muslim league accepted it in June 1946.
Elections Following cabinet mission elections were held. Congress secured 205 out of 214

 

 

 

    general seats & had support of 4 sikh members. The Muslim league got 73 out of
    78  Muslim  seats.  Jinnah  became  greatly  disturbed  by  the  election  results.  He
    demanded separate constituent assembly & started instigating violent action. Later
    16  August  1946  was  fixed  as  direct  action  day to withdraw its  acceptance  of
    cabinet  mission  plan.  Communal  riots  broke  out  in  Bengal,  United  Province,
    Punjab, Sindh & NWFP. Interim government was formed with Jawahar Nehru as
    head& 14 members – 6 congress, 5 League, one each Christian, Sikh & Parsi.
    However Muslim league kept out of the Interim government.
INA Trails Held at Red Fort in Delhi. Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, Tejbahadur Sapru fought the
    case on behalf of three senior INA officers, Shahnawaz khan, P.M. Sehgal & G.S.
    Gurudayal Dhillon led to their acquittal.
RIN Mutiny 1946 Indians serving in the Royal Indian Navy mutined. Around 5000 naval ratings put
    up INA badges.
Mountbatten Plan Mountbatten came to India as Viceroy. He put forth the plan of partition of India
    in 3 June 1947. Punjab & Bengla would be divided into two parts with muslim &
    non muslim majority. Baluchistan had the right to determine which side to join.
    The power would be transferred on 15 August 1947. Referendum were to be held
    in NWFP, Sylhet (to join Assam or East Bengal). Legislative assembly of Sindh
    was to decide whether to join India or not.
Indian Independece The British Parliament passed the Indian Independence act on 18th    July 1947.
Act 1947 Partition on 15th  August. The act provided separate governor generals for the two
    dominions.  Abolition  of  the  post  of  secretary  of  state  for  India.   Pending  the
    adoption  of  new  constitution,  the  administration  of  the  two  dominions  &  the
    provinces  would  be  carried  on  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the
    government of India act 1935 though special powers of the Governor General &
    the  Provincial  governors  would  be  ceased.  Jinnah  became  the  first  governor
    general of Pakistan.
Unification Drive On 5th July 1947, Vallabhbhai Patel appealed to the Indian provinces to handover.
    He followed up his appeal with a hurricane tour of 40 days in which he invited all
    the native princes to join the Indian union by 5th  August. In Kashmir Hari Singh
    sent  his  PM  Meharchand  Mahajan  with  the  signed  papers  for  the  merger.  In
    Hyderabad  the  nawab  wanted  to  continue  his  arbitary  rule  with  the  help  of
    Rajakars. Finally after military action, Rajakars were expelled & the instrument of
    accession signed.
Pondicherry & Goa The  other  French  territories  were  Karaikal,  Mahe,Yanam  &  Chanderinagore.
    Chanderinagore had acceded to India on the basis of a plebiscite. In 1954 all the
    French possession in India were formally handed over to India though the legal
    transfer took place in 1962. Operation ‘Vijay’ was carried out for the liberation of
    Goa when satyagraha failed in 1961. It became a state in 1987.

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A movement is a group of people who come together to achieve a common goal. Movements can be political, social, or religious in nature. They can be large or small, and they can last for a short time or for many years.

Some of the most famous movements in history include the abolitionist movement, the civil rights movement, and the feminist movement. The abolitionist movement fought to end slavery in the United States. The civil rights movement fought for equal rights for African Americans. The feminist movement fought for equal rights for Women.

Movements can be successful in achieving their goals. The abolitionist movement was successful in ending slavery in the United States. The civil rights movement was successful in ending segregation and discrimination against African Americans. The feminist movement has been successful in achieving many of its goals, such as the right to vote and the right to equal pay.

However, movements can also be unsuccessful. The anti-war movement in the United States was unsuccessful in preventing the Vietnam War. The labor movement in the United States has been unsuccessful in achieving its goal of a living wage for all workers.

Despite the challenges they face, movements can play an important role in Society. They can raise awareness of important issues, and they can pressure governments and other powerful institutions to make changes.

Here are some additional details about each of the subtopics listed above:

  • Abolitionism: Abolitionism is the belief that slavery is morally wrong and should be abolished. The abolitionist movement began in the 18th century and was successful in ending slavery in the United States in 1865.
  • Anarchism: Anarchism is a political philosophy that rejects all forms of government and authority. Anarchists believe that people should be free to live their lives without interference from the state.
  • Anti-colonialism: Anti-colonialism is the opposition to colonialism, which is the practice of one country ruling another. Anti-colonial movements were successful in gaining independence for many countries in the 20th century.
  • Anti-Fascism: Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascism, which is a form of government that is characterized by extreme nationalism, authoritarianism, and militarism. Anti-fascist movements were successful in defeating fascism in World War II.
  • Anti-Globalization/”>Globalization-3/”>Globalization: Anti-globalization is the opposition to globalization, which is the process of increasing economic and political integration between countries. Anti-globalization movements argue that globalization is harmful to the Environment, workers’ rights, and Democracy.
  • Anti-war movements: Anti-war movements are movements that oppose war. Anti-war movements have been successful in preventing or ending some wars, such as the Vietnam War.
  • Civil rights movements: Civil rights movements are movements that fight for equal rights for all people. The civil rights movement in the United States was successful in ending segregation and discrimination against African Americans.
  • Communism: Communism is a political and economic system that is based on the idea of common ownership of property and the absence of Social Classes. Communism was the official ideology of the Soviet Union and other communist countries.
  • Environmentalism: Environmentalism is the belief that humans should protect the environment. Environmental movements have been successful in raising awareness of environmental issues and in pressuring governments to take action to protect the environment.
  • Feminism: Feminism is the belief that women should have equal rights to men. The feminist movement has been successful in achieving many of its goals, such as the right to vote and the right to equal pay.
  • Human Rights movements: Human rights movements are movements that fight for the rights of all people. Human rights movements have been successful in achieving many of their goals, such as the abolition of slavery and the establishment of the United Nations.
  • Labor movements: Labor movements are movements that fight for the rights of workers. Labor movements have been successful in achieving many of their goals, such as the right to organize unions and the right to a living wage.
  • LGBT rights movements: LGBT rights movements are movements that fight for the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. LGBT rights movements have been successful in achieving many of their goals, such as the right to marry and the right to serve openly in the military.
  • Pacifism: Pacifism is the belief that violence is never justified. Pacifist movements have been successful in preventing some wars, such as the Vietnam War.
  • Political movements: Political movements are movements that seek to change the political system. Political movements have been successful in achieving many of their goals, such as the establishment of democracy and the end of slavery.
  • Religion-based movements: Religion-based movements are movements that are based on religious beliefs. Religion-based movements have been successful in achieving many of their goals, such as the abolition of slavery and the establishment of religious freedom.
  • Social movements: Social movements are movements that seek to change society. Social movements have been successful in achieving many of their goals, such as the end of segregation and discrimination against African Americans.

What is the difference between a movement and an organization?

A movement is a group of people who share a common goal or cause. An organization is a group of people who have come together to achieve a specific goal.

What are some examples of movements?

Some examples of movements include the Civil Rights Movement, the Women’s Rights Movement, and the LGBTQ+ Rights Movement.

What are some examples of organizations?

Some examples of organizations include the NAACP, the National Organization for Women, and the Human Rights Campaign.

What are the benefits of being part of a movement?

There are many benefits to being part of a movement. Movements can provide a sense of community, support, and Empowerment. They can also help to raise awareness about important issues and to advocate for change.

What are the challenges of being part of a movement?

There are also some challenges to being part of a movement. Movements can be demanding and time-consuming. They can also be emotionally and physically draining. Additionally, movements can sometimes be divided by internal conflict.

What are some tips for being successful in a movement?

Here are some tips for being successful in a movement:

  • Find a movement that you are passionate about.
  • Be willing to put in the time and effort.
  • Be respectful of others.
  • Be open to new ideas.
  • Be persistent.
  • Be positive.

What are some common mistakes to avoid when participating in a movement?

Here are some common mistakes to avoid when participating in a movement:

  • Don’t be afraid to speak up.
  • Don’t be afraid to disagree.
  • Don’t be afraid to stand up for what you believe in.
  • Don’t be afraid to walk away.

What is the future of movements?

The future of movements is uncertain. However, movements have the potential to make a real difference in the world. They can help to raise awareness about important issues, to advocate for change, and to empower people.

Sure, here are some MCQs without mentioning the topic Movements/Organizations:

  1. Which of the following is not a type of government?
    (A) Democracy
    (B) Republic
    (C) Monarchy
    (D) Movement

  2. Which of the following is not a human right?
    (A) The right to life
    (B) The right to freedom from torture
    (C) The right to a fair trial
    (D) The right to join a movement

  3. Which of the following is not a factor that affects economic Growth?
    (A) The amount of capital available
    (B) The level of technology
    (C) The quality of Education
    (D) The number of movements in the country

  4. Which of the following is not a type of pollution?
    (A) Air Pollution
    (B) Water Pollution
    (C) Land pollution
    (D) Movement pollution

  5. Which of the following is not a cause of Climate change?
    (A) The burning of fossil fuels
    (B) Deforestation
    (C) The release of greenhouse gases
    (D) The formation of movements

  6. Which of the following is not a way to reduce Climate Change?
    (A) Investing in RENEWABLE ENERGY
    (B) Planting trees
    (C) Reducing our reliance on fossil fuels
    (D) Joining a movement to fight climate change

  7. Which of the following is not a type of crime?
    (A) Murder
    (B) Theft
    (C) Vandalism
    (D) Movement

  8. Which of the following is not a way to prevent crime?
    (A) Increasing the number of police officers
    (B) Improving education
    (C) Providing job opportunities
    (D) Joining a movement to fight crime

  9. Which of the following is not a type of war?
    (A) Civil war
    (B) World war
    (C) Cold war
    (D) Movement war

  10. Which of the following is not a way to prevent war?
    (A) Diplomacy
    (B) Arms control
    (C) Economic sanctions
    (D) Joining a movement to fight war

I hope these MCQs are helpful!

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