Modern Period

<<–2/”>a >table>

  Later Mughals 1707-12 Bahadur Shah I 1712-13 Jahandar Shah 1713-19 Farukk Siyar 1719-48 Muhammad Shah Rangila 1748-54 Ahmad Shah 1754-59 Alamgir II 1759-1806 Shah Alam II 1806-1837 Akbar Shah II 1837-57 Bahadur Shah II

 

	Later Mughal Rulers
Bahadur Shah I	After the death of Aurangzeb, prince Muazzam, Azam & Kam Bakhsh fought in
1707-1712	which Mauzzam emerged victorious & assumed the title of Bahadur Shah I. Banda
	Bahadur who killed Wazir khanwas defeated by him. Was referred to as ‘Shah-i-
	Bekhabar’.
Jahandar Shah	Later after Bahadur Shah’s death, his son Jahandar Shah came to power after killing
1712-13	his other brothers with the help of Zulfikar Khan. He made peace with the Jats,
	Shahuji & honoured rajput kings.
Farrukh Siyar	Nephew  of  Jahandar  Shah,  Farrukh  Siyar  killed  him  with  the  help  of  Sayyid
1713-19	brothers – Abdulla Khan (Wazir) & Hussain Ali Khan (Mir Bakshi). Farrukh Siyar
	tried to check the powers of Sayyid brothers but the latter got him killed & crowned
	two princes Raffi-ud-Darajat, Raffi-ud-Daula in quick SUCCESSION. Later they made
	Muhammad Shah (Grandson of Bahadur Shah I) as the king. After his accession the
	Sayyid brothers fell victim to the intrigue of Turani Amirs.
Muhammad	During his tenure most the independent kingdoms were established: Nizam-ul-Mulk
Shah Rangila	(Deccan),  Saadat  Khan  (Awadh)  &  Murshid  Quli  Khan  (Bengal).  Iranian  King
1719-48	Nadir Shah invaded in 1739 on invitation of Saadat Khan (Awadh). The latter was
	imprisoned by Nadir Shah for not able to pay the promised ransom. Nadir Shah
	took the peacock throne & the Kohinoor diamond with him.
Ahmad Shah	Son of Muhammad Shah. During his reign Ahmad Shah Abdali (claimed himself
1748-54	ruler  of  Kandhar  after  the  assassination  of  Nadir  Shah  by  Persian  in  1747)
	repeatedly attacked. Later Ahmad Shah was killed & deposed by his own Wazir
	Imad-ul-Mulk.
Alamgir II	Actual name Aziz-ud-din. Frequency of Abdali attacks increased. [1754-59]
Shah Alam II	1759-1806
Akbar Shah II	1806-1837
Bahadur Shah II	1837-57

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

					Other Contemporary States
	Bihar			After Saadat Khan, *Safdarjung* became the king  who was an impartial ruler &
				carried out many reforms & was made the wazir of Mughal Empire. Shuja-ud-Daula
				succeded him to throne. He was also made the wazir of mughal empire but he sided
				with Ahmad Shah Abdali in the Third Battle of Panipat.
	Bengal			Murshid Quli Khan was an able ruler. Later his son in law Shuja-ud-din & his son
				Sarfaraz came in that order. Sarfaraz was defeated by Alivardi Khan of Bihar. Later
				Alivardi Khan was defeated by Raghuji Bhonsle & forced him to surrender Orissa.
				After the death of Alivardi khan his grandson Siraj-ud-daula tool over who lost to
				Britishers under Lord Clive.
	Hyderabad			Nizam-ul-mulk Asaf Jah founded the state of Hyderabad in 1724.
	Mysore &			Since the downfall of the Vijaynagar-empire/”>Vijaynagar Empire Wodeyar dynasty was ruling. But in
	Haider Ali			the 18th century two minister Nanjaraj & Devaraj usurped power early reducing the
				King Krishna Raj to a puppet. Haider Ali rose to become the Commander-in-Chief
				of the Mysore army & became the sultan after Nanjraj’s death. He was defeated by
				Peshwa Madhav Rao.
	Tipu Sultan			He defeated the combined forces of Marathas & Nizam in 1787 & soon after
				claimed himself Padshah at Seringapattam. He attempted to reduce the custom of
				jagirs& hereditary possession of poligars (small chieftans). He was a staunch
				muslim. He donated Money to hindus but later got the temples abolished.
	Travancore			Martanda Verma
	Rajput States			Marwar (Ajit Singh), Amer (Sawai Jai Singh)
	Rohilkhand			Area between Agra & Awadh. Muhammad Khan Bangash ruled who was defeated
				by Maharana Chhatrasal of Bundelkhand with the help of Marathas.
	Sikhs			Ruler of one of the 12 Misls called Sukarchakiya. He with the help of his brave
				commander Hari Singh Nalwa won Multan, Kashmir & Peshawar.
					The Peshwas
	1713-20		Balaji Vishwanath		Shahu appointed him as the Peshwa.
	1720-40		Baji Rao I		Baji Rao I succeded who was the most charismatic leader in
					Maratha history after Shivaji.He conquered Malwa, Bundelkhand
					& even raided Delhi.
	1740-61		Balaji Baji Rao		Son of Baji Rao I  Balaji Baji Rao (Nana Saheb – different from
					the later Nana Saheb, adopted son of Baji Rao II) who defeated
					the Nizam of Hyderabad. The Maratha however received a
					terrible blow at the hands of Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1761-Panipat
	1761-72		Madhav Rao I		Defeated Nizam, Mysore, Rohillas, Rajputs Jats. In 1771 he
					confined the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II  by giving pension.
	1772-73		Narayan Rao		Short tenure. Tussle with Ragunath Rao over Peshwa claim.
	1774-95		Madhav Rao II		Became Peshwa after treaty of Salbai supported by Nana
					Phadnavis.  In the meantime Mahadji Scindia who had brought
					Shah Alam under his control became the actual ruler of Delhi till
					his death in 1794.
	1796-1818		Baji Rao II		Incompetent son of Raghunath Rao (who was had earlier stuggled
					with Narayan Rao to become Peshwa & sided with Britishers)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

	Important Battles
1744-48	First Anglo-French Carnatic war. Madras returned to British by the treaty of Aix-la-
	Chappalle. In battle of St. Thome, a small French Army defeated Nawab Anwar-ud-
	din’s large one.
1748-54	Second Anglo French Carnatic war. The French sided with Muzaffar Jang (grandson of
	Asaf Jah) & Chanda Sahib (in Carnatic) while the Enlish supported the claims of Nasir
	Jang (son of late Nizam, Asaf Jah) & Anwar-ud-din (Carnatic) Initially the French
	under Dupleix had success (& stationed officer Bussy at Hyderabad) but later the
	English got hold. Treaty of Pondicherry signed.
1757-63	Third Anglo French Carnatic war. French captured Fort St. David. Lally did the
	mistake of recalling Bussy from Hyderabad. Later the French were badly routed at
	Wandiwash by the British under Sir Eyre Coote.
1757	Battle Of Plassey. British under clive & treacher Mir Jaffar routed Siraj-ud-daula. Mir
	Jafar was made Bengal but later replaced by his son-in-law Mir Kasim. He revolted &
	was again replaced by Mir Jafar.
1760	Battle of Wandiwash. French decisively defeated
1761	Third Battle of Panipat. Marathas defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali
1764	Battle of Buxar. Mir Kasim, Shuja-ud-daula & Shah Alam II defeated by Major Munro.
	Treaty of Allahabad signed which gave the diwani of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa & Bihar to
	the Enlish & trading rights in Awadh. Shah Alam on pension of 26 laksh/annum.
1767-69	I Anglo Mysore war. Both the British & Haider Ali returned each others territories The
	britisheres committed to help Haider against a third party invasion
1775-82	First Anglo Maratha war. The British army was defeated. The humiliating convention
	of Wadgaon was concluded in which the company was required to give up all the
	advantages of Treaty of Purandhar. Peace was at last restored by treaty of Salbai signed
	between Warren Hastings & Mahdji Scindia whereby salsette & Bassein were given to
	the British.
1780-84	II Anglo Mysore War. In 1782 Haider Ali passed away due to illness leaving the
	struggle to Tipu. War concluded by treaty of Mangalore
1790-92	III Anglo Mysore war. Tipu signed the treaty of Seringapattam
1799	IV Anglo Mysore war. When the subsidiary alliance was offered to Tipu Sultan he
	flatly refused & hence the war happened in which the Marathas & the Nizam helped the
	Britishers. Tipu died fighting the war.
1803-1805	Second Anglo Maratha war. Marathas defeated.
1814-16	Anglo Nepal war. War came to an end by treaty of Sagauli
1817-19	Third Anglo Maratha war. Marathas decisively defeated
1823-26	First Anglo Burmese war. Buremese defeated & conducted Treaty of Yandahboo
1839-42	First Anglo Afghan war. The Britishers were defeated.
1845-46	First Anglo-Sikh war. Sikhs defeated & Treaty of Lahore conducted
1848-49	Second Anglo Sikh war. Sikhs defeated & Punjab annexed to British. Maharaja Dalip
	Singh given an annual pension of 50,000 pounds & sent to England for higher studies
	& later converted to Christianity. The Kohinoor was gifted to Queen Victoria.
1852	Second Anglo Burmese war. English successful
1878-80	Second Anglo Afghan war. English suffered losses.
1885-87	Third Anglo Burmese war. English annexed Burma
1919-21	Third Anglo Afghan war. English though victorious did not benefit from the war.

 

 

 

 

 

					Important Treaties
	Treaty of Pondicherry				After the II Carnatic war. Muhammad Ali, son of late Anwar-ud-din was
					accepted as the Nawab of Carnatic.
	Treaty of Mangalore				Signed between Tipu & British in 1784. Under this Tipu withdrew his army
1784					from Carnatic & English withdrew theirs from the Carnatic.
	Treaty of Seringapattam				After III Anglo Mysore war. Tipu had to pay heavy war indemnity & send as
1792					hostages his two sons to the English. Half of his territory was ceded. He paid
					the war indemnity & his two sons were released.
	Treaty of Amritsar 1809				Signed between British & Ranjit Singh in which the latter recognized their
					rights in the Cis-Sutlej areas.
	Treaty of Sagauli				After Anglo Nepalese war. The Gurkhas gave up their claim over the Tarai
					region& ceded claim over the areas of Kumaon & Garhwal to the British.
	Treaty of Lahore				After the first Anglo Sikh war. The territories lying to the south of river
					Sutlej  were given to the company.
					Land Settlements
	Zamindari System (19%)				Bengal, Bihar, Banaras, division of NW provinces & northern Carnatic.
					90 % of the revenue went to government & 10 % to Zamindar (British)
	Mahalwari System (30%)				Major parts of NW provinces, Central provinces & Punjab. Responsibility
					of paying revenue was with the entire village or mahal. (Based on
					traditional Indian system of economic community)
	Ryotwari system (51%)				Bombay & Madras presidencies, Assam, Berar & certain other parts. Land
					revenue was fixed for 20-40 years at a time (French in Origin)
					Books/Articles & Authors (Modern)
		Ghulamgiri (challenged superiority of Brahmins)					Jyotiba Phule
		Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin (Gift to Monotheists in Persian)					Raja Rammohun Roy
		Dharma Tritiya Ratna, Ishvara & Life of Shivaji					Jyotiba Phule
		New Lamp for the Old (Series of Articles criticizing Congress)					Aurobindo Ghosh
		Doctrine of Passive Resistance (Articles in Bande Mataram)					Aurobindo Ghosh
		Indian War of Independence (seized by British)					V.D. Savarkar
		Loyal Muhammadans of India					Sayyid Ahmad Khan
		Tahaib-al-Akhlaq					Sayyid Ahmad Khan
		Asbab-e-Bagawar-e-Hind (Held Bahadur Shah II as fool for revolting)					Sayyed Ahmad Khan
		Neel Darpan					Dinbandhu Mitra
		How did America get Freedom					Ram Prasad Bismil
		The activities of Bolsheviks, The wave of the Mind, Colour of Swadeshi,					Ram Prasad Bismil
		Revolutionary Life
		Systematic History of Ancient India					V.A. Smith
		Hindu Polity					K.P. Jayaswal
		Political History of Ancient India					H.C. Raychaudhary
		A History of Ancient India; A history of South India					K.A. Nilkant Shastri
		Hindu Civilization; Chandragupta Maurya; Asoka;					R.K. Mookerji
		Fundamental Unity of India
		History of Dharmashastra					P.V. Kane
		The Wonder That was India					A.L. Basham
			Socio-Religious Reformers & their Organizations

 

 

 

Atmiya Sabha (1815)	Raja Rammohun Roy
Brahmo Samaj (1828)	Raja Rammohun Roy.
Tattvabodhini Sabha (1839). Later merged with	Mahrishi Devendranath Tagore.
Brahmo Samaj in 1842
Indian national Social Conference	M.G. Ranade
Harijan Sevak Sangh	Mahatma Gandhi
Satya Shodhak Samaj (1873)	Jyotirao Phule (fight caste oppression)
Shri Narayana Dharma Partiplana Yogama	Shri Narayan Guru (fight caste oppression)
South Indian Liberal Federation (later became	T. Teagaraja & T.M. Nair (Self respect)
Justice party & then Dravida Kazhagam)
Prarthana Samaj (1867)	Atma Ram Pandurang
Arya Samaj (1875)	Swami Dayanand
Servants of India Society (1905)	Gopal Krishna Gokhale (Rejected Knighthood)
Hindu Dharma Sangrakshini Sabha (1893 at	Chapekar Brothers – Damodar & Balakrishna.
Nasik)
Abhinav Bharat	V.D. Savarkar
New India Association	V.D. Savarkar
Anushilan Samiti	Aurobindo Ghose, Barindra Kumar Ghose, B.P.
	Mitra, Abinash Bhattacharya & Bhupendra Dutta
Patriotic Association	Sayyid Ahmad Khan
Muhammad Anglo-Oriental Defence Association	Sayyid Ahmad Khan
Bahiskrit Hitkarni Sabha (1924)	B.R. Ambedkar
Akhil Bharatiya Dalit Varg Sabha	B.R. Ambedkar

 

	Movements/Organizations
Aligarh Movement	Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan
Deoband	Represented  by  Mohammad  Qasim  Nanautavi  &  Rashid  Ahmad  Gangohi.
Movement	Nanautavi founded the ‘Dar-ul-Ullema’ madrasa at Deoband. This movement was
	strictly  based  on  Islamic  tradition unlike liberal  Aligarh movement.   The  also
	promulgated a fatwa against Sayyid Ahmad’s associations. In 1919, Mufti Liyaqat
	Ullah  Sahib  founded  the,  ‘Jamaitul  Ulema-i-Hind’  to  further  work  in  this
	direction. His role was prominent in the Khilafat movement.
Muslim League	Nawab Wakar-ul-Mulk presided over a gathering at the invitation of Nawab Salim
	Ullah of Dacca. Muslim league was the result. The constitution of the league was
	prepared in 1907 at Karachi. The first session of the league was held in 1908 at
	Amritsar. The same year Aga Khan became the president. The league supported
	partition of Bengal & was a loyalist organization. After 1913 Aga Khan left the
	league which led to the emergence of new leaders like Muhammad Ali, Shaukat
	Ali & M.A. Ansari.
Home Rule League	Estd by Annie Besant at Madras in September 1916. She was the president &
	other   members   included   Arundale,   P.C.   Ramaswamy   Iyer,   V.P.   Wadia.
	Balgangadhar Tilak had estd another Home Rule League in April 1916 at Pune.
Champaran	European  planters  forced  the  farmers  to  cultivate  Indigo  on  atleast  3/20
Satyagraha 1917	(Tinkathiya) parts of their land. Rajendra Prasad, Mazhur-ul-Haq, J.B. Kriplani,
	Mahadev Desai accompanied him. An enquiry was set up to alleviate miseries of
	which even Gandhi was a member.
Kheda Satyagraha	Kheda peasants refused to pay revenue due to failure of crops. After Satyagraha

 

 

 

 

1918	the government issued instructions to collect revenue only from those who could
	afford to pay. Indulal Yagnik & Vallabh Bhai Patel supported Gandhi.
Ahmedabad Mill	Mahatma Gandhi considered 35 % increase in salary as just. He undertook a fast
Problem 1918	unto death & the strike came to an end. Ambalal Sarabhai’s sister Anasuya Behn
	was main lieutenant of Gandhi here.
Rowlatt Act	In March 1919, the Britishers passed the Rowlatt Act according to which any
	Indian could be arrested on the basis of suspicion. A nationwide satyagraha was
	organized which involved arrest of Mahatma Gandhi, Dr Satyapal, Dr. Saiffuddin
	Kitchlew & Arya Samaj leader Swami Shradhananda (shoot if you can rally).
Jallianwala Bagh	Demanded  to  know  the  whereabouts  of  Satyapal  and  Kitchlew  throught  the
Massacre	reciting of  the poem ‘Fariyad’ on the day of Baisakhi (13th  April, 1919). Martial
	law was proclaimed later at Lahore, Gujarat & Layal with curfew at Amritsar. An
	enquiry was setup under Hunter. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his title.
Khilafat Movement	Sultan of Turkey was the Caliph. The allied powers were arrayed against Turkey.
	Mulana Abul Kalam Azad, M.A. Ansari, Saiffudin Kitchlew, Maulvi Abdulbari,
	Hakim Ajmal Khan & the Ali brothers were prominent leaders. British signed the
	Treaty of Tibers, partitioned Turkey & its Sultan was made a prisoner & sent to
	Constantinople.
Non Cooperation	Approval at Congress session in 1920. Leaders like Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Annie
1920-22	Besant & Bipin Chandra Pal not in agreement & left the congress. Students took
	their names off school. Kashi Vidyapeeth, Bihar Vidyapeeth, Jamia Milia Islamia
	were set up. No Congress leader contested for Elections. Mass demonstrations
	before  Duke  of  Connaught  &  Prince  of  wales.  Tilak  Swarajya  Fund  was
	established. Moplah rebellion was the ugly face. Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, UP
	incidence led to its recall. Congress leaders like Motilal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das
	formed as separate group within the congress known as Swarajya Party with a
	purpose not to let the movement lapse.
AITUC	Formed  in  1920  with  Lotvala’s  help.  M.N  Roy,  Muzzafarabad  Ahmad,  S.  A
1920	Dange  &  Shaukat  Osmani  led  the  trade  unionist  movements.  The  Britishers
	leveled the kanpur/Meerut conspiracy against them.
Swaraj Party	Suspension   of   Non   Cooperation   movement   disoriented   the   Leadership.
	Chittaranjan Das & Motilal Nehru were called ‘Pro-Changers’ & did not support
	the non cooperation movement. The other group was ‘no-changers’ & included C.
	Rajgopalachari, M.A. Ansari. In 1923 Das & Nehru formed the Swaraj Party at
	Allahabad with a view to take part in the 1923 Council elections. The swaraj party
	got  clear  majority  in  the  Central  legislature  &  Provincial  legislatures  except
	Bengal. After the passing away of Chittaranjan Das in 1925 the party weakened &
	further some of the leaders became corrupt. Therefore in the election of 1926 it
	suffered miserable defeat in all the provinces except Madras.
Hindustan	Established in October 1924 in Kanpur by revolutionaries like Ramprasad Bismil,
Republic	Jogesh Chatterjee, Chandrashekhar Azad and Sachindranath Sanyal. The Kakori
Associaiton 1924	Train Action was a notable act of terrorism by this group but trial prooved to be a
	major  setback.However,  the  group  was  reorganized  under  the  leadership  of
	Chandrashekhar Azad and with members like Bhagat Singh, Bhagwati Charan
	Vohra  and  Sukhdev  on  9  and  10  September  1928-  and  the  group  was  now
	christened Hindustan Socialist  Republican  Association (HSRA).  Bhagat  Singh,
	Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged in March 1931.
Communist Party	Was declared illegal in 1934. This ban continued till 1942 when there was an

 

 

 

of India 1925	agreement that the communist will support British in the war effort & sabotage the
	Quit India Movement. In a memorandum to the Cabinet Mission in 1946, they put
	forward a plan for the division of India into 17 sovereign states.
Bardoli Satyagraha	In Bardoli district of Surat under Vallabh Bhai Patel. The government had raised
	the tax rate by 30% despite famine.
All India States	Formed  in  1926  whose  first  session  was  held  under  the  presidentship  of  the
People Conference	famous leader of Ellore, Diwan Bahadur M. Ramachandra Rai.
Simon	The purpose was the review the Act of 1919 after a gap of ten years. The 7
Commission	member commission was labeled ‘White Men Commission’. Huge demonstration
	under Govind Vallabh Pant at Lucknow & Lala Lajpat at Lahore. The report of
	Simon  Commission  was  published  in  May  1930.  It   stated  the  constitutional
	experiment  with  Dyarchy  was  unsuccessful  &  in  its  place  recommended  the
	establishment  of  autonomous  government.  It  recommended  special  powers  to
	governor  general  &  governors  to  look  after  the  interest  of  minorities,
	strengthening  the  centre,  increasing  electorate  base  on  communal  basis,
	Indianization of defence forces, delink Burma from India & Sindh from Bombay.
	The Indians rejected the report as it gave no regard to Dominion Status. It became
	a basis for the Govt of India Act 1935.
Nehru Report,	Secretary  of  State,  Lord  Birkenhead  challenged  the  Indians  to  produce  a
1928	constitution that would be acceptable to all. A meeting held at Bombay set up a 8
	member committee headed by Motilal Nehru & others included Bose, Tej Bahadur
	Sapru, Sir Ali Imam, Shahib Qureshi, Sardar Mangal Singh, MS Anney & G.R
	Pradhan.  The  report  was  placed  before  Congress  Session  in  Calcutta  in  1928
	where it was adopted unanimously. It recommended reservation for minorities
	instead of separate electorates. Jinnah & President of Central Sikh league, Sardar
	Kharak  Singh  rejected  it.  Later  Jinnah  convened  an  All  India  Conference  of
	Muslims & drew up a list of 14 point. Jawahar & Bose were not happy with the
	dominion status.
Dandi March	Reached Dandi after marching with 78 handpicked followers & formally launched
April 1930	the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking the Salt laws. Many muslims kept
	themselves  aloof  but  in  the  NWFP  an  organization  of  Khudai  Khidmatgar
	(Servants of Gods – Red Shirts) under Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan (Frontier Gandhi)
	participated in full.
I Round table	Held under the Chairmanship of Ramsay MacDonald. Failed to resolve any issues
Conference	as it was opposed by congress.
Nov 1930
Gandhi Irwin Pact	As  per  it  Gandhi  agreed  to  suspend  the  Civil  Disobedience  Movement  &
March 1931	participate in the Second Round Table conference but most of the leaders did not
	like this pact.
II Round Table	At London. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India as no agreement could be reached.
Conference 1931	In January 1932 the civil disobedience movement was resumed.
McDonald	The British PM Ramsay MacDonald made an announcement according to which
Communal Award	the depressed classes were considered as separate community. Mahatma Gandhi
1932	went on a fast unto death in Yeravada Jail. An agreement was reached with the
	Consent of Mahatma Gandhi & Ambedkar which came to be known as ‘Poona
	Act’.  The  British  government  also  approved  it.  Accordingly  148  seats  were
	reserved in different provincial legislatures in place of 71 as per communal award.
III Round Table	The  congress  once  more  didn’t  take  part  in  it.  None  the  less  the  British

 

 

 

Conference 1932	Government issued a white paper which became basis for Govt of India Act 1935.
	Individual Civil Disobedience was launched in 1933
Congress Socialist	founded  in  1934  by  Jai  Praksh  Narain  &  Acharya  Narendra  Deva  within  the
Party 1934	Indian National Congress. Its members rejected what they saw as the Communist
	Party of India’s loyalty to the USSR as well as the anti-rational mysticism of
	Mohandas Gandhi. Although a socialist, Jawaharlal Nehru did not join the CSP.
	After independence, the CSP broke away from Congress, under the influence of JP
	Narayan and Basawon Singh (Sinha), to form the Socialist Party of India.
August Offer 1940	Envisaged that after the war a representative body of Indians would be set up to
	frame the new constitution.
Individual	Started in October 1940. In it Vinoba Bhave, Jawahar Nehru & Brahma Dutt were
Satyagraha 1940	the first 3 satyagrahis.
Cripps Mission	Viceroy  Lord  Linlithgow  expanded  is  Executive  council  by  taking  five  more
1942	Indians into it. The Indians were dissatisfied as it did not like the rights of the
	princely states to join or stay out of the Indian constitution. The demand for Pak
	also not considered leading to Muslim league rejecting the plan.
Quit India	The fear of an impending Japanese invasion Gandhi launched this campaign. In
Movement	the midst the government arrested all Indian leaders – Gandhi at Poona, others at
1942-44	Ahmadnagar fort. Rajendra Prasad was interned in Patna. The Congress Socialist
	Party  whith  its  leaders  like  Ram  Manohar  Lohia,  Achyuta  Patwardhan  played
	important role. Communist Party remained loyal to the British. The Muslims by &
	large remained indifferent.
INA	Captain Mohan Singh founded it in 1942. In 1943 he reached Singapore & gave a
	the cry of ‘Dilli Chalo’. He was made the president of the Indian Independence
	League.  The  name  of  the  brigades  were  Subhash,  Gandhi,  Nehru  &  Rani
	Lakshmibai. In Nov 1943, Japan handed over Andamans & Nicobar Islands to
	him. He named  them Shaheed Island & Swaraj Island respectively. The army
	marched towards imphal after registering victory over Kohima. But later Japan
	accepted defeat & Subhas died in a plain crash after crossing Formosa Island.
C.R. Formula 1944	To resolve the constitutional impasse Rajagopalachari evolved a formula in March
	1944. But it was rejected by Jinnah who would not settle without Pakistan.
Wavell Plan &	The main provisions were akin to Cripps mission proposals. It essentially dealt
Shimla Conference	with  the  Indian  demand  of  self-rule  &  reconstitution  of  viceroy’s  executive
1945	council  giving  a  balanced  representation  to  the  major  communities.  Executive
	council  was  an  interim  arrangement  in  which  all  but  the  Viceory  &  the
	Commander in Chief were to be Indians & all portfolios except defence were to be
	held by Indian members. Conference broke down because of Jinnah’s insistence
	that Muslim league alone represented Indian Muslims & hence no non league
	muslim members could be nominated to viceroy’s council.
Cabinet Mission	Pathick Lawrence (secretary of state for India), Stafford Cripps & A.B. Alexander.
1946	Jinnah stuck his demand for Pakistan. It proposed the formation of Union of India
	comprising  both  British  India  &  princely  states  (only  foreign,  defence  &
	Communication).  A  constitutional  assembly  was  to  be  formed  consisting  of
	representatives of Provincial assemblies & princely states, elected on communal
	basis in proportion to the Population of each province. Envisaged interim govt &
	said that until the constitution is framed & the govt estd British forces will not
	withdraw. The Congress & Muslim league accepted it in June 1946.
Elections	Following cabinet mission elections were held. Congress secured 205 out of 214

 

 

 

		general seats & had support of 4 sikh members. The Muslim league got 73 out of
		78  Muslim  seats.  Jinnah  became  greatly  disturbed  by  the  election  results.  He
		demanded separate constituent assembly & started instigating violent action. Later
		16  August  1946  was  fixed  as  direct  action  day to withdraw its  acceptance  of
		cabinet  mission  plan.  Communal  riots  broke  out  in  Bengal,  United  Province,
		Punjab, Sindh & NWFP. Interim government was formed with Jawahar Nehru as
		head& 14 members – 6 congress, 5 League, one each Christian, Sikh & Parsi.
		However Muslim league kept out of the Interim government.
INA Trails		Held at Red Fort in Delhi. Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, Tejbahadur Sapru fought the
		case on behalf of three senior INA officers, Shahnawaz khan, P.M. Sehgal & G.S.
		Gurudayal Dhillon led to their acquittal.
RIN Mutiny 1946		Indians serving in the Royal Indian Navy mutined. Around 5000 naval ratings put
		up INA badges.
Mountbatten Plan		Mountbatten came to India as Viceroy. He put forth the plan of partition of India
		in 3 June 1947. Punjab & Bengla would be divided into two parts with muslim &
		non muslim majority. Baluchistan had the right to determine which side to join.
		The power would be transferred on 15 August 1947. Referendum were to be held
		in NWFP, Sylhet (to join Assam or East Bengal). Legislative assembly of Sindh
		was to decide whether to join India or not.
Indian Independece		The British Parliament passed the Indian Independence act on 18th    July 1947.
Act 1947		Partition on 15th  August. The act provided separate governor generals for the two
		dominions.  Abolition  of  the  post  of  secretary  of  state  for  India.   Pending  the
		adoption  of  new  constitution,  the  administration  of  the  two  dominions  &  the
		provinces  would  be  carried  on  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the
		government of India act 1935 though special powers of the Governor General &
		the  Provincial  governors  would  be  ceased.  Jinnah  became  the  first  governor
		general of Pakistan.
Unification Drive		On 5th July 1947, Vallabhbhai Patel appealed to the Indian provinces to handover.
		He followed up his appeal with a hurricane tour of 40 days in which he invited all
		the native princes to join the Indian union by 5th  August. In Kashmir Hari Singh
		sent  his  PM  Meharchand  Mahajan  with  the  signed  papers  for  the  merger.  In
		Hyderabad  the  nawab  wanted  to  continue  his  arbitary  rule  with  the  help  of
		Rajakars. Finally after military action, Rajakars were expelled & the instrument of
		accession signed.
Pondicherry & Goa		The  other  French  territories  were  Karaikal,  Mahe,Yanam  &  Chandernagore.
		Chandernagore had acceded to India on the basis of a plebiscite. In 1954 all the
		French possession in India were formally handed over to India though the legal
		transfer took place in 1962. Operation ‘Vijay’ was carried out for the liberation of
		Goa when satyagraha failed in 1961. It became a state in 1987.

,

The Modern Period is a period of history that began in the 16th century and continues to the present day. It is characterized by a number of important developments, including the rise of the nation-state, the Industrial revolution, and the Enlightenment.

The Renaissance was a period of European history that began in Italy in the 14th century and spread to other parts of Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was a time of renewed interest in classical Learning and culture, and it led to a number of important developments in art, literature, and science.

The Reformation was a religious movement that began in Germany in the 16th century. It led to the establishment of Protestantism, a branch of Christianity that broke away from the Catholic Church.

The Scientific Revolution was a period of rapid scientific advancement that began in Europe in the 16th century. It led to a number of important discoveries in astronomy, physics, and chemistry, and it helped to lay the foundation for the modern world.

The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that began in Europe in the 17th century. It emphasized reason and individualism, and it led to a number of important changes in politics, society, and culture.

The Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid economic and Social Change that began in Great Britain in the 18th century. It led to the development of new technologies, such as the steam engine, and it resulted in a shift from an agricultural to an economy/”>Industrial Economy.

The French Revolution was a political and social revolution that began in France in 1789. It led to the overthrow of the Monarchy and the establishment of a republic.

The Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars that were fought between France and other European powers from 1803 to 1815. They were named after Napoleon Bonaparte, who was the emperor of France from 1804 to 1814.

The American Revolution was a political revolution that began in the American colonies in 1775. It led to the establishment of the United States of America.

The Industrial Revolution in the United States began in the early 19th century. It led to the development of new technologies, such as the Cotton gin, and it resulted in a shift from an agricultural to an industrial economy.

The Civil War in the United States was a civil war that was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. It was fought between the northern states and the southern states, and it led to the end of slavery in the United States.

The World Wars were two global conflicts that were fought in the 20th century. The First World War was fought from 1914 to 1918, and the Second World War was fought from 1939 to 1945. Both wars resulted in a great deal of death and destruction, and they had a profound impact on the course of history.

The Cold War was a period of tension and hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union that lasted from the end of World War II to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. It was a time of great fear and uncertainty, and it had a major impact on the world.

The 9/11 Attacks were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks that were carried out by al-Qaeda on September 11, 2001. The attacks resulted in the deaths of nearly 3,000 people, and they had a profound impact on the world.

The War on Terror is a global campaign that was launched by the United States in the wake of the 9/11 Attacks. The goal of the war is to combat terrorism and to prevent future attacks.

The Arab Spring was a series of protests and uprisings that began in 2011 in the Middle East and North Africa. The protests were largely successful in overthrowing authoritarian regimes, but they also led to a great deal of violence and instability.

The COVID-19 Pandemic is a global pandemic that began in 2019. The virus has caused a great deal of death and illness, and it has had a major impact on the world economy.

The Modern Period has been a time of great change and upheaval. It has seen the rise and fall of empires, the development of new technologies, and the spread of new ideas. It has also been a time of great conflict, both within and between nations. The Modern Period is still ongoing, and it is impossible to say what the future holds. However, it is clear that the world will continue to change and evolve in the years to come.

Here are some frequently asked questions and short answers about the Modern Period:

• What is the Modern Period?
  The Modern Period is a historical period that began in the 16th century and continues to the present day. It is characterized by a number of important developments, including the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution.

• What are some of the key events of the Modern Period?
  Some of the key events of the Modern Period include the following:

• The Renaissance: A period of renewed interest in classical learning and culture that began in Italy in the 14th century and spread to other parts of Europe.

• The Reformation: A religious movement that began in Germany in the 16th century and led to the establishment of Protestantism.
• The Scientific Revolution: A period of rapid scientific advancement that began in the 16th century and led to the development of new technologies and scientific theories.

• The Industrial Revolution: A period of rapid economic and social change that began in Great Britain in the 18th century and spread to other parts of Europe and North America.

• What are some of the key figures of the Modern Period?
  Some of the key figures of the Modern Period include the following:

• Leonardo da Vinci: An Italian painter, sculptor, architect, and engineer who is considered one of the greatest geniuses of all time.

• Martin Luther: A German monk and theologian who is considered the founder of Protestantism.
• Galileo Galilei: An Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer who is considered one of the founders of modern science.
• Isaac Newton: An English physicist and mathematician who is considered one of the most influential scientists of all time.

• Adam Smith: A Scottish economist who is considered the father of modern economics.

• What are some of the key ideas of the Modern Period?
  Some of the key ideas of the Modern Period include the following:

• Individualism: The belief that the individual is the most important unit of society.

• Rationalism: The belief that reason is the most important source of knowledge.
• Progress: The belief that society is constantly improving.
• Science: The belief that the natural world can be understood through scientific inquiry.

• Democracy: The belief that the government should be elected by the people.

• What are some of the key challenges of the Modern Period?
  Some of the key challenges of the Modern Period include the following:

• War: The Modern Period has been marked by a number of major wars, including the Thirty Years’ War, the Seven Years’ War, the Napoleonic Wars, the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, and the Cold War.

• POVERTY: The Modern Period has also been marked by a great deal of poverty, both in the developed world and in the developing world.
• Inequality: The Modern Period has seen a growing gap between the rich and the poor, both within countries and between countries.

• Environmental destruction: The Modern Period has seen a great deal of environmental destruction, due to human activities such as deforestation, pollution, and Climate change.

• What is the legacy of the Modern Period?
  The Modern Period has had a profound impact on the world, both positive and negative. On the positive side, it has led to great advances in science, technology, and medicine. It has also led to the spread of democracy and Human Rights. On the negative side, it has led to great wars, poverty, inequality, and environmental destruction. The Modern Period is a complex and contradictory period, and its legacy is still being debated today.

Sure, here are some multiple choice questions about the following topics:

• The Renaissance
• The Reformation
• The Scientific Revolution
• The Enlightenment

• The Industrial Revolution

• The Renaissance was a period of European history that began in Italy in the 14th century and spread to the rest of Europe by the 16th century. It was a time of renewed interest in classical learning and culture, and it led to a flowering of art, literature, and science.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Renaissance?

(A) A renewed interest in classical learning and culture
(B) A flowering of art, literature, and science
(C) A decline in religious faith
(D) A rise in individualism

1. The Reformation was a 16th-century religious movement that resulted in the establishment of Protestantism, a branch of Christianity that broke away from the Catholic Church.

Which of the following is NOT a cause of the Reformation?

(A) The sale of indulgences
(B) The Corruption of the Catholic Church
(C) The rise of humanism
(D) The invention of the printing press

1. The Scientific Revolution was a period of rapid scientific advancement that began in Europe in the 16th century and lasted until the 18th century. It was a time of major breakthroughs in astronomy, physics, chemistry, and biology.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Scientific Revolution?

(A) A reliance on observation and experimentation
(B) A rejection of traditional authority
(C) A focus on natural laws
(D) A belief in progress

1. The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that began in Europe in the 18th century. It was a time of renewed interest in reason and science, and it led to a number of important political and social changes.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Enlightenment?

(A) A belief in reason and science
(B) A rejection of traditional authority
(C) A focus on individual rights
(D) A belief in progress

1. The Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid economic and social change that began in Great Britain in the 18th century and spread to other parts of Europe and the United States in the 19th century. It was a time of major advances in technology, transportation, and manufacturing.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Industrial Revolution?

(A) A shift from agriculture to manufacturing
(B) The development of new technologies
(C) The Growth of cities
(D) A decline in living standards

I hope these questions were helpful!