Moderator Phase in National Movement-For RAS RTS Mains Exam and Ras Rts Prelims Examination

Contribution of early nationalists

Early nationalists believed that a direct struggle for the political emancipation of the country was not yet on the agenda of history. On agenda was:
- Creation of public interest in political questions and the organization of public opinion
- Popular demands had to be formulated on a country-wide basis
- National unity had to be created. Indian nationhood had to be carefully promoted.

Early national leaders did not organize mass movement against the British. But they did carry out an ideological struggle against them. (Important from a Gramscian perspective)

Economic critique of imperialism
- Economic critique of imperialism was the most important contribution of the early nationalists
- They recognized that the essence of British economic imperialism lay in the subordination of the Indian economy to the British economy
- They complained of India’s growing POVERTY and economic backwardness and the failure of modern Industry and agriculture to grow
- They wanted the government to promote modern industries through tariff protection and direct government aid
- Popularized the idea of swadeshi and the boycott of British goods
- They propounded the ‘drain of wealth’ theory and demanded that this drain be stopped
- Demanded reduction of taxes and land revenue
- Condemned the high military expenditure
Constitutional reforms
- They were extremely cautious. From 1885 to 1892 they demanded the expansion and reform of the Legislative Councils
- Due to their demands, the British passed the Indian Councils Act of 1892
- They failed to broaden the base of their democratic demands. Did not demand the right to vote for the masses or for Women
Administrative and other reforms
- They demanded Indianisation of the higher grades of the administrative Services.
- They had economic political reasons for this. Economically, appointment of British only to ICS made Indian administration costly because they were paid very high. Politically, appointment of Indians would make the administration more responsive to Indian needs
- Demanded separation of the judicial from executive powers so that the people might get some protection from the arbitrary acts of the police and the Bureaucracy.
- Urged the government to undertake and develop welfare activities and Education
Defense of Civil Rights

Methods of work of early nationalists

Dominated by moderates till 1905
Method of moderates: Constitutional agitation within the four walls of the law, and slow, orderly political progress. Their work had two pronged direction:
- To build a strong public opinion in India to arouse the political consciousness and national spirit of the people, and to educate and unite them on political questions
- They wanted to persuade the British government and British public opinion to introduce reforms along directions laid down by the nationalists.
In 1889, a British Committee of the INC was founded. In 1890 this committee started a journal called India.

What about the role of the masses?

The basic weakness of the early national movement lay in its narrow social base.
The leaders lacked political faith in the masses.
Hence, masses were assigned a passive role in the early phase of the national movement.

Evaluation

The basic objectives of the early nationalist leaders were to lay the foundations of a secular and democratic national movement, to politicize and politically educate the people, to form the headquarters of the movement, that is, to form an all-India Leadership group, and to develop and propagate an anti-colonial nationalist ideology.
Very few of the reforms for which the nationalists agitated were introduced by the government
It succeeded in creating a wide national awakening and arousing the feeling of nationhood. It made the people conscious of the Bonds of common political, economic and social interests and the existence of a common enemy in imperialism
They exposed the true character of the British rule through their economic critique.
All this was to become a base for the national movement in the later period.

WHY HUME?

The leaders assumed that the rulers would be less suspicious and less likely to attack a potentially subversive organization if its chief organizer was a retired British civil servant.
Gokhale himself stated explicitly in 1913 that if any Indian had started such a movement the officials wouldn’t have let it happen.

First, the Indian intellectuals co-operated with the British in the hope that British would help modernize India.
However, the reality of social development in India failed to conform to their hopes.
Three people who carried out the economic analysis of British India:
- Dadabhai Naoroji: the grand old man of India. Born in 1825, he became a successful businessman but devoted his entire life and wealth to the creation of national movement in India
- Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade: He taught an entire generation of Indians the value of modern industrial development.
- Romesh Chandra Dutt: a retired ICS officer, published The Economic History of India at the beginning of the 20^th century in which he examined in minute detail the entire economic record of colonial rule since 1757.
They concluded that colonialism was the main obstacle to India’s Economic Development.
Three aspects of domination of British: trade, industry, finance
The problem of poverty was seen as a problem of national development. This approach made poverty a broad national issue and helped to unite, instead of divide, different regions and sections of Society/”>Indian Society.
The early nationalists accepted that the complete economic transformation of the country on the basis of modern technology and capitalist enterprise was the primary goal of their economic policies.
Because their whole-ted devotion to the cause of industrialization, the early nationalists looked upon all other issues such as Foreign Trade, railways, tariffs, finance and labour legislations in relation to this paramount aspect. (and hence the obsession of Nehru with industrialization)
However great the need of India for industrialization, it had to be based on Indian capital and not foreign capital.
The early nationalists saw foreign capital as an unmitigated evil which did not develop a country but exploited and impoverished it.
Expenditure on railways could be seen as Indian subsidy to British industries.
A major obstacle in the process of industrial development was the policy of free trade
High expenditure on the army
Drain Theory was the focal point of nationalist critique of colonialism.
- A large part of India’a capital and wealth was being transferred or drained to Britain in the form of salaries and pensions of British civil and military officials working in India, interest on loans taken by the Indian government, profits of British capitalists in India, and the Home Charges or expenses of the Indian Government in Britain.
- This drain amounted to one-half of government revenues, more than the entire land revenue collection, and over one-third of India’s total Savings.
- The Drain theory was put forward by Dadabhai Naoroji. He declared that the drain was the basic cause of India’s poverty.
- Through the drain theory, the exploitative character of the British rule was made visible.
- The drain theory possessed the merit of being easily grasped and understood by a nation of peasants. No idea could arouse people more than the thought that they were being taxed so that others in far off lands might live in comfort.
- This agitation on economic issues contributed to the undermining of the ideological hegemony of the alien rulers over Indian minds.
- The nationalist economic agitation undermined the moral foundations inculcated by the British that foreign rule is beneficial for India.

The Indian Councils Act of 1861 enlarged the Governor-General’s Executive Council for the purpose of making laws.
The GG could add 6-12 members to the Executive Council. This came to be known as the Imperial Legislative Council. It didn’t have any powers.
‘Despotism controlled from home’ was the fundamental feature of British rule in India.
The Indians nominated to the council were not representative of the nationalist movement.
Despite the early nationalists believing that India should eventually become self-governing, they moved very cautiously in putting forward political demands regarding the structure of the state, for they were afraid of the Government declaring their activities seditious and disloyal and suppressing them.
Till 1892, they only demanded reforms in the council.

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The Moderator Phase in National Movement

The Moderator Phase in National Movement was a period of intense political activity in India that lasted from the early 1900s to the late 1940s. During this time, Indian nationalists fought for independence from British rule. The movement was led by a number of prominent figures, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

The Swadeshi Movement

The Swadeshi Movement was a boycott of British goods that began in 1905. The movement was led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who called for Indians to boycott British goods and to use only Indian-made products. The Swadeshi Movement was successful in raising awareness of the Indian independence movement and in damaging the British economy.

The Boycott Movement

The Boycott Movement was a boycott of British institutions and services that began in 1906. The movement was led by Mahatma Gandhi, who called for Indians to boycott British schools, courts, and government offices. The Boycott Movement was successful in disrupting British rule in India and in uniting Indians against British rule.

The Non-Cooperation Movement

The Non-Cooperation Movement was a mass movement of nonviolent resistance to British rule that began in 1920. The movement was led by Mahatma Gandhi, who called for Indians to refuse to cooperate with the British government in any way. The Non-Cooperation Movement was successful in bringing about a number of reforms, including the release of political prisoners and the reduction of salt taxes.

The Civil Disobedience Movement

The Civil Disobedience Movement was a mass movement of nonviolent resistance to British rule that began in 1930. The movement was led by Mahatma Gandhi, who called for Indians to disobey British laws and to break British symbols of authority. The Civil Disobedience Movement was successful in bringing about a number of reforms, including the release of political prisoners and the granting of limited self-government to India.

The Quit India Movement

The Quit India Movement was a mass movement of nonviolent resistance to British rule that began in 1942. The movement was led by Mahatma Gandhi, who called for the British to leave India immediately. The Quit India Movement was successful in bringing about the end of British rule in India.

The Indian National Army

The Indian National Army (INA) was an army of Indian soldiers who fought against the British during World War II. The INA was led by Subhas Chandra Bose, who called for Indians to unite against the British and to fight for independence. The INA was successful in capturing a number of British territories and in raising awareness of the Indian independence movement.

The Role of Women in the National Movement

Women played a vital role in the Indian independence movement. They participated in all aspects of the movement, from boycotts and protests to nonviolent resistance and armed struggle. Women such as Sarojini Naidu, Annie Besant, and Kasturba Gandhi were among the most prominent leaders of the movement.

The Role of Youth in the National Movement

Young people played a vital role in the Indian independence movement. They were inspired by the ideals of freedom and Equality and were eager to fight for their country. Young people such as Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, and Sukhdev Thapar were among the most prominent leaders of the movement.

The Role of Students in the National Movement

Students played a vital role in the Indian independence movement. They were inspired by the ideals of freedom and equality and were eager to fight for their country. Students such as Jawaharlal Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi, and Subhash Chandra Bose were among the most prominent leaders of the movement.

The Role of Workers in the National Movement

Workers played a vital role in the Indian independence movement. They were inspired by the ideals of freedom and equality and were eager to fight for their country. Workers such as Lala Lajpat Rai, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and Jyotirao Phule were among the most prominent leaders of the movement.

The Role of Peasants in the National Movement

Peasants played a vital role in the Indian independence movement. They were inspired by the ideals of freedom and equality and were eager to fight for their country. Peasants such as Mahatma Gandhi, Vinoba Bhave, and Jayaprakash Narayan were among the most prominent leaders of the movement.

The Role of Religious Leaders in the National Movement

Religious leaders played a vital role in the Indian independence movement. They used their influence to mobilize people to fight for independence. Religious leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore, and Maulana Azad were among the most prominent leaders of the movement.

The Role of Social Reformers in the National Movement

Social reformers played a vital role in the Indian independence movement. They worked to improve the lives of the poor and oppressed

The Moderator Phase in National Movement was a period of time in the Indian independence movement when the British government allowed Indians to have a greater say in their own affairs. This period began in 1885 with the establishment of the Indian National Congress (INC) and ended in 1905 with the partition of Bengal.

The Moderator Phase was a time of great change and upheaval in India. The INC, which was initially a small group of educated Indians, grew rapidly in size and influence. The INC began to demand greater rights for Indians, including self-government and independence. The British government, however, was reluctant to give up its control over India.

The Moderator Phase was a time of great debate and discussion among Indians about the future of their country. Some Indians, such as Mahatma Gandhi, believed that India should achieve independence through peaceful means. Others, such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, believed that India should achieve independence through violent means.

The Moderator Phase was a time of great progress for the Indian independence movement. The INC grew in size and influence, and the British government was forced to make some concessions to Indian demands. However, the Moderator Phase also saw the rise of Hindu-Muslim tensions, which would eventually lead to the partition of India.

Here are some frequently asked questions about the Moderator Phase in National Movement:

What was the Moderator Phase?
The Moderator Phase was a period of time in the Indian independence movement when the British government allowed Indians to have a greater say in their own affairs. This period began in 1885 with the establishment of the Indian National Congress (INC) and ended in 1905 with the partition of Bengal.
What were the causes of the Moderator Phase?
The causes of the Moderator Phase are complex and varied. However, some of the most important causes include:
The Rise of Nationalism in India
The growing economic and political power of the Indian middle class
The British government’s policy of divide and rule
What were the effects of the Moderator Phase?
The effects of the Moderator Phase were far-reaching. Some of the most important effects include:
The Growth of the Indian National Congress
The rise of Hindu-Muslim tensions
The partition of India
Who were the key figures in the Moderator Phase?
Some of the key figures in the Moderator Phase include:
Mahatma Gandhi
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Jawaharlal Nehru
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
What were the major events of the Moderator Phase?
Some of the major events of the Moderator Phase include:
The establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885
The partition of Bengal in 1905
The Swadeshi movement in 1905
The First World War in 1914
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919
The Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920
The Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930
The Quit India Movement in 1942
The partition of India in 1947
What was the legacy of the Moderator Phase?
The legacy of the Moderator Phase is complex and varied. However, some of the most important legacies include:
The independence of India
The partition of India
The rise of Hindu-Muslim tensions
The growth of the Indian National Congress
The rise of Mahatma Gandhi
The rise of Jawaharlal Nehru
The rise of Muhammad Ali Jinnah
What are some of the challenges facing India today?
Some of the challenges facing India today include:
Poverty
Illiteracy
Corruption
Hindu-Muslim tensions
Terrorism
Climate change
Economic inequality
What are some of the opportunities facing India today?
Some of the opportunities facing India today include:
A large and growing Population
A young and dynamic workforce
A rapidly growing economy
A strategic location in the world
A rich culture and heritage
What is the future of India?
The future of India is uncertain. However, there are some reasons to be optimistic about India’s future. India has a large and growing population, a young and dynamic workforce, a rapidly growing economy, and a strategic location in the world. India also has a rich culture and heritage. However, India also faces some challenges, such as poverty, illiteracy, corruption, Hindu-Muslim tensions, terrorism, Climate Change, and economic inequality. It is important for India to address these challenges in order to achieve its full potential.

The Moderates were a group of Indian nationalists who emerged in the late 19th century. They believed that India could achieve self-government through constitutional means, such as petitions and reforms.
The Moderates were led by men such as Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Pherozeshah Mehta.
The Moderates founded the Indian National Congress in 1885.
The Moderates were successful in achieving some reforms, such as the Indian Councils Act of 1892. However, they were unable to achieve their goal of self-government.
The Moderates were criticized by the Extremists, who believed that India could only achieve self-government through violent means.
The Moderates were eventually eclipsed by the Extremists in the early 20th century.
The Extremists were a group of Indian nationalists who emerged in the late 19th century. They believed that India could only achieve self-government through violent means.
The Extremists were led by men such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai.
The Extremists founded the All-India Home Rule League in 1906.
The Extremists were successful in mobilizing popular support for the Indian independence movement. However, they were unable to achieve their goal of self-government.
The Extremists were eventually eclipsed by the Gandhians in the early 20th century.
The Gandhians were a group of Indian nationalists who emerged in the early 20th century. They believed that India could achieve self-government through nonviolent means.
The Gandhians were led by Mahatma Gandhi.
The Gandhians founded the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920.
The Gandhians were successful in achieving some reforms, such as the Government of India Act of 1935. However, they were unable to achieve their goal of self-government.
The Gandhians were eventually successful in achieving Indian independence in 1947.
The Partition of India was the division of British India into two independent dominions, India and Pakistan, on 15 August 1947.
The Partition was a result of the growing Hindu-Muslim divide in India.
The Partition led to mass Migration and violence, with millions of people displaced and killed.
The Partition is one of the most traumatic events in Indian history.
The Indian National Congress (INC) is a political party in India. It was founded in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume.
The INC is the oldest political party in the world.
The INC has been the ruling party in India for most of the time since independence in 1947.
The INC is a secular and democratic party.
The INC is committed to the principles of Socialism, Secularism-2/”>Secularism, and Democracy.
The INC is the largest political party in India.
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is a political party in India. It was founded in 1980 by Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani.
The BJP is a Hindu nationalist party.
The BJP is the ruling party in India since 2014.
The BJP is committed to the principles of Hindutva, nationalism, and development.
The BJP is the second largest political party in India.
The Indian Constitution is the supreme law of India. It was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950.
The Constitution of India is the longest Written Constitution in the world.
The Constitution of India guarantees Fundamental Rights to all citizens of India.
The Constitution of India is a secular and democratic constitution.
The Preamble to the Indian Constitution is the introductory statement of the Constitution of India. It sets out the basic principles and objectives of the Constitution.
The Preamble to the Indian Constitution begins with the words “We, the People of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic”.
The Preamble to the Indian Constitution ends with the words “Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity“.
The President of India is the head of state of India. The President is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both houses of Parliament and the legislative assemblies of the states.
The President of India holds office for a term of five years.
The President of India is the supreme commander of the