Minerals are defined as solid, inorganic, naturally occurring substances with a definite chemical formula and general structure. Almost all chemical Elements in the Earth’s crust are associated with at least one mineral. They vary in color, hardness, density, crystal form, crystal size, transparency, composition, location, and abundance. Some minerals are radioactive (uranophane), while others are magnetic (magnetite). Some are uncombined elements, such as gold, silver, sulfur, bismuth, copper and platinum. Certain minerals, such as fluorite (calcium fluoride), glow with a vibrant luminescence after exposure to ultraviolet Light. Feldspar (a potassium aluminum silicate) and quartz (silicon dioxide) are the most abundant minerals found in the Earth’s crust. Mankind has coveted many minerals and gemstones due to their striking, beautiful colors. Some specimens of opal exhibit iridescent, rainbow-like colors within their crystals, while some specimens of the gemstone tourmaline show progressions of watermelon-like green to pink color from one side of a crystal to another. Although interesting, a few minerals are deceiving; many amateur prospectors have been tricked into thinking they have found gold, but have instead found pyrite (iron disulfide), otherwise known as “Fool’s Gold” due to its uncanny resemblance to the precious Metal. Diamond, the hardest natural substance found on Earth, has long been prized as the most desirable of all minerals due to its stunning interaction with light. Most diamonds, though, are impure and not suitable as gemstones; instead, they find industrial use as cutting tools, and are even made synthetically to meet this demand.

Minerals

What Makes a Mineral a Mineral?

In order for something to be a mineral, it must first meet four criteria:

First, all minerals are solid. So, while water may contain minerals, water itself can’t be a mineral because it’s liquid.
Minerals are all naturally formed. This means they can’t be manufactured in a lab. Synthetic gems, like cubic zirconia, are therefore not minerals.
All minerals have a unique and specific chemical composition. This is like the DNA of the mineral – it’s what makes the mineral different from other minerals.
Lastly, all minerals have a crystalline structure. Minerals are some of the most beautiful substances on Earth, because they are always arranged in an orderly geometric pattern. Minerals of the same type always have the same geometric arrangement of their atoms.

Properties of Minerals

The Physical properties of minerals are used by Mineralogists to help determine the identity of a specimen. Some of the tests can be performed easily in the field, while others require laboratory equipment. For the beginning student of geology, there are a number of simple tests that can be used with a good degree of accuracy. The list of tests is in a suggested order, progressing from simple experimentation and observation to more complicate either in procedure or concept.

The following physical properties of minerals can be easily used to identify a mineral:

Color

Most minerals have a distinctive color that can be used for identification. In opaque minerals, the color tends to be more consistent, so Learning the colors associated with these minerals can be very helpful in identification. Translucent to transparent minerals have a much more varied degree of color due to the presence of trace minerals. Therefore, color alone is not reliable as a single identifying characteristic.

Streak

Streak is the color of the mineral in powdered form. Streak shows the true color of the mineral. In large solid form, trace minerals can change the color appearance of a mineral by reflecting the light in a certain way. Trace minerals have little influence on the reflection of the small powdery particles of the streak.

The streak of Metallic Minerals tends to appear dark because the small particles of the streak absorb the light hitting them. Non-metallic particles tend to reflect most of the light so they appear lighter in color or almost white.

Because streak is a more accurate illustration of the mineral’s color, streak is a more reliable property of minerals than color for identification.

Hardness

Hardness is one of the better properties of minerals to use for identifying a mineral. Hardness is a measure of the mineral’s resistance to scratching. The Mohs scale is a set of 10 minerals whose hardness is known. The softest mineral, talc, has a Mohs scale rating of one. Diamond is the hardest mineral and has a rating of ten. Softer minerals can be scratched by harder minerals because the forces that hold the crystals together are weaker and can be broken by the harder mineral.

The following is a listing of the minerals of the Mohs scale and their rating:

Talc
Gypsum
Calcite
Fluorite
Apatite
Orthoclase Feldspar
Quartz
Topaz
Corundum
Diamond

Cleavage & Fracture

Minerals tend to break along lines or smooth surfaces when hit sharply. Different minerals break in different ways showing different types of cleavage.

Cleavage is defined using two sets of criteria. The first set of criteria describes how easily the cleavage is obtained. Cleavage is considered perfect if it is easily obtained and the cleavage planes are easily distinguished. It is considered good if the cleavage is produced with some difficulty but has obvious cleavage planes. Finally it is considered imperfect if cleavage is obtained with difficulty and some of the planes are difficult to distinguish.

The second set of criteria is the direction of the cleavage surfaces. The names correspond to the shape formed by the cleavage surfaces: Cubic, rhombohedral, octahedral, dodecahedral, basal or prismatic. These criteria are defined specifically by the angles of the cleavage lines as indicated in the chart below:

Cleavage Type Angles

Cubic Cleaves in three directions @ 90o to one another Rhombohedral Cleaves in three directions but not @ 90o to one another Octahedral Cleaves in four directions Dodecahedral Cleaves in six directions Basal Cleaves in one direction Prismatic Cleaves in two directions

Fracture describes the quality of the cleavage surface. Most minerals display either uneven or grainy fracture, conchoidal (curved, shell-like lines) fracture, or hackly (rough, jagged) fracture.

Crystalline Structure

Mineral crystals occur in various shapes and sizes. The particular shape is determined by the arrangement of the atoms, Molecules or ions that make up the crystal and how they are joined. This is called the crystal lattice. There are degrees of crystalline structure, in which the fibers of the crystal become increasingly difficult or impossible to see with the naked eye or the use of a hand lens. Microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline structures can only be viewed using high magnification. If there is no crystalline structure, it is called amorphous. However, there are very few amorphous crystals and these are only observed under extremely high magnification.

Transparency or Diaphaneity

Diaphaneity is a mineral’s degree of transparency or ability to allow light to pass through it. The degree of transparency may also depend on the thickness of the mineral.

Tenacity

Tenacity is the characteristic that describes how the particles of a mineral hold together or resist separation. The chart below gives the list of terms used to describe tenacity and a description of each term.

Magnetism

Magnetism is the characteristic that allows a mineral to attract or repel other magnetic materials. It can be difficult to determine the differences between the various types of magnetism, but it is worth knowing that there are distinctions made.

Luster

Luster is the property of minerals that indicates how much the surface of a mineral reflects light. The luster of a mineral is affected by the brilliance of the light used to observe the mineral surface. Luster of a mineral is described in the following terms:

Metallic The mineral is opaque and reflects light as a metal would.Submettalic The mineral is opaque and dull. The mineral is dark colored.Nonmettalic The mineral does not reflect light like a metal.

Nonmetallic minerals are described using modifiers that refer to commonly known qualities.

Waxy The mineral looks like paraffin or wax.Vitreous The mineral looks like broken glass.Pearly The mineral appears iridescent, like a pearl.Silky The mineral looks fibrous, like silk.Greasy The mineral looks like oil on water.Resinous The mineral looks like hardened tree sap (resin).Adamantine The mineral looks brilliant, like a diamond.

Odor

Most minerals have no odor unless they are acted upon in one of the following ways: moistened, heated, breathed upon, or rubbed.

Taste

Only soluble minerals have a taste, but it is very important that minerals not be placed in the mouth or on the tongue. You should not test for this property in the classroom.

Specific Gravity

Specific Gravity of a mineral is a comparison or ratio of the weight of the mineral to the weight of an equal amount of water. The weight of the equal amount of water is found by finding the difference between the weight of the mineral in air and the weight of the mineral in water.

Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, solid substances with a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. They are essential to life on Earth, and are used in a wide variety of products, including building materials, electronics, and cosmetics.

Minerals are classified into eight major groups: oxides, sulfides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, silicates, and native elements. Each group has its own unique set of properties. For example, oxides are minerals that are composed of Oxygen and one other element. They are typically hard and brittle, and have a high melting point. Sulfides are minerals that are composed of sulfur and one other element. They are typically soft and easily scratched, and have a low melting point. Halides are minerals that are composed of a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) and one other element. They are typically white or colorless, and have a high melting point. Carbonates are minerals that are composed of carbon and oxygen. They are typically hard and brittle, and have a low melting point. Sulfates are minerals that are composed of sulfur and oxygen. They are typically soft and easily scratched, and have a low melting point. Phosphates are minerals that are composed of phosphorus and oxygen. They are typically hard and brittle, and have a high melting point. Silicates are minerals that are composed of silicon and oxygen. They are the most common type of mineral on Earth, and are found in a wide variety of forms, including rocks, sand, and clay. Native elements are minerals that are composed of a single element. They are typically found in their elemental form, and do not have a chemical formula.

Minerals can be identified by their physical properties, such as color, luster, hardness, and cleavage. Color is the most obvious physical property of a mineral, and can be used to identify some minerals. For example, gold is always yellow, and quartz is always clear. Luster is the way that a mineral reflects light. Minerals can have a metallic luster, a vitreous luster (like glass), or an earthy luster. Hardness is a measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched. Minerals are typically assigned a hardness value on the Mohs scale of hardness, which ranges from 1 (talc) to 10 (diamond). Cleavage is the way that a mineral breaks along smooth planes. Some minerals have perfect cleavage, while others have no cleavage at all.

Minerals are used in a wide variety of products, including building materials, electronics, and cosmetics. Building materials, such as concrete and brick, are made from minerals. Electronics, such as computers and cell phones, contain minerals such as silicon and gold. Cosmetics, such as lipstick and eyeshadow, contain minerals such as mica and talc.

Minerals are essential to life on Earth. They are used in a wide variety of products, and are found in a variety of forms. Minerals can be identified by their physical properties, and are classified into eight major groups.

Here are some frequently asked questions about minerals and their properties:

What are minerals?
Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, solid substances with a definite chemical composition and crystal structure.
What are the different types of minerals?
There are over 4,000 known minerals, but only about 200 are common. The most common minerals are quartz, feldspar, and mica.
What are the properties of minerals?
Minerals have a variety of properties, including color, luster, hardness, density, and cleavage.
What are the uses of minerals?
Minerals are used in a variety of products, including building materials, jewelry, and electronics.
What are the benefits of minerals?
Minerals are essential for human Health. They are found in our bones, teeth, and blood. They also help our bodies function properly.
What are the risks of minerals?
Some minerals can be harmful if they are inhaled or ingested. It is important to be aware of the risks of minerals before using them.
How can I identify minerals?
There are a few ways to identify minerals. One way is to look at their physical properties, such as color, luster, hardness, density, and cleavage. Another way is to test their chemical composition.
Where can I find minerals?
Minerals can be found in a variety of places, including rocks, Soil, and water. They can also be found in mines and quarries.
How are minerals formed?
Minerals are formed when elements combine together in the Earth’s crust. They can also be formed when magma or lava cools.
What is the history of minerals?
Minerals have been used by humans for thousands of years. They were used to make tools, weapons, and jewelry. They were also used in religious ceremonies.
What is the future of minerals?
The future of minerals is uncertain. Some minerals are becoming scarce, while others are becoming more abundant. It is important to conserve minerals and use them wisely.

Which of the following is not a mineral?
(A) Gold
(B) Diamond
(C) Water
(D) Salt
Which of the following is a property of minerals?
(A) Hardness
(B) Luster
(C) Color
(D) All of the above
Which of the following is the hardest mineral?
(A) Diamond
(B) Ruby
(C) Sapphire
(D) Topaz
Which of the following is the softest mineral?
(A) Talc
(B) Gypsum
(C) Calcite
(D) Fluorite
Which of the following is the most common mineral on Earth?
(A) Quartz
(B) Feldspar
(C) Gypsum
(D) Calcite
Which of the following is a non-metallic mineral?
(A) Quartz
(B) Feldspar
(C) Gypsum
(D) Calcite
Which of the following is a metallic mineral?
(A) Gold
(B) Silver
(C) Copper
(D) All of the above
Which of the following is a gemstone?
(A) Diamond
(B) Ruby
(C) Sapphire
(D) All of the above
Which of the following is a mineral that is used in construction?
(A) Quartz
(B) Feldspar
(C) Gypsum
(D) Calcite
Which of the following is a mineral that is used in electronics?
(A) Silicon
(B) Germanium
(C) Gallium
(D) All of the above