Migration of Telangana

Migration of Telangana

“Human Development and Human Rights are enshrined in today’s world. But they have not yet become the core values of our reality. The stability and success of any country will not be secure until we are able to spread the benefits in a more equitable manner. The obscene wealth of the few cannot be at the expense of the hungry and the destitute.” Reverend Desmond M. Tutu

The Constitution of India guarantees Freedom of Movement for all citizens. The foundational principles of free migration are enshrined in clauses (d) and (e) of ARTICLE 19(1) of the Constitution, which guarantee all citizens the right to move freely throughout the territory of India, and reside and settle in any part of the territory of India. Article 15 prohibits discrimination on the basis of place of birth, among other grounds, while Article 16 guarantees Equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters of public EMPLOYMENT, and in particular prohibits the denial of access to public employment on the grounds of place of birth or residence
Migration comprises a multitude of physical movements in space and time.
It is a process which is spatially subdivided into sending areas, routes of migration and receiving areas.
With regard to the motivations of migrants, three types of migration can be distinguished:

Enforced migration,
Voluntary migration
Distress migration.

The first is decided upon by external powers. Resettlement programmes of governments for instance fall into this category.
The second is the outcome of a decision-making process of migrants and their families.
Migration due to drought, crop failure and famine is, among other causes covered by Distress Migration category. It is impelled by push or distress factors at home such as
Lack of employment,
Low wage rates,
Agricultural failure,
Debt,
Drought
Natural calamities.
In fact, Globalization/”>Globalization-3/”>Globalization and Liberalization-2/”>Liberalization has led to the use of new technology in agriculture resulting in increased Unemployment in the countryside.
Large numbers of the poor in labour and farming communities to migrate from their home to far off places in search of employment and large, internal migrants are unskilled and semi-skilled workers from lower income groups who could be able to improve their economic position or income scale after migration.
A recent report by UNDP exposed the same that without migration a majority of the poor would not be able to spend on Health, consumption and other basic needs, and would face the risk of sliding deeper into POVERTY.
The rural poor, labour and marginal and small farming communities are on the move, temporarily leaving their homes in search of employment and livelihood in other prosperous rural and/or urban areas in the country.
It appears that, the growing part of such migration is temporary, seasonal, circular and cyclical in nature, though destinations may differ.
Seasonal migration is certainly not a new phenomenon in India. However, the magnitude of rural labour circulation is of recent origin, and is a direct consequence of structural changes of the economy.
Many of the poor living in underdeveloped areas, seasonal migration and commuting are the only ways of accessing the benefits of Growth in other locations.
Migration has helped them in managing risk, smoothing consumption, and earning to invest in a better future discussed seasonal migration on the basis of three Elements:

A lack of alternatives in origin areas which force entire families to migrate in search of work
Work which is based on indebtedness generates little or no surplus for the labourers at the end of the season, and is merely for survival.
Work which involves large-scale violation of labour laws.

Seasonal migration as a temporary move from and followed by return to the normal place of residence, for purposes of employment.

Official Estimates of Migration of Telangana

The two main sources of data on migration are the National Census and the National Sample Survey (NSS) and most estimates of migration are based on these.
The total Population of India at the last Census was over a billion.
According to the National Census for 2011, 30% of the population or 307 million were migrants.
Of these, nearly a third had migrated during the previous decade.

Causes of Migration of Telangana

There are numerous causes of migration from rural to urban centers and vice versa or from one region to another. Notable among these are:

Social conflicts and social tension
Gap in civilization / culture
Law and Order situation
Inequalities in the available social and economic opportunities and other amenities of life between groups of people and or sectors.
Income maximization.
Inequitable distribution of benefits of Economic Development.
Social mobility and social status aspiations.
Residential satisfaction.
Friend and family influences
Desire for attaining lifestyle, performance and enjoyment.
Development of some sort of complex.

PUSH FACTORS

Economic and demographic -Poverty, Unemployment, Standard of living, Low wages. Development, High fertility rates, Lack of basic health And Education.
Political- Conflict, insecurity, Violence Poor governance, Corruption & Human right abuses
Social and cultural- Discrimination based on ethnicity religion and the like.

PULL FACTORS

Economic and demographic – Prospects of higher wages, Potential for improved, Personal and Professional
Political- Safety and securities Political freedom
Social and cultural -Family reunification, Ethnic (diaspora gender, migration) home land. Freedom from discrimination.

Nature of Migration of Telangana

Rural migrants migrate to villages in Mahabubnagar and Nalgonda districts for agricultural work.
They engage in Cotton and Beedi making at different rural destinations.
First, they work in the cotton fields till the end of that activity, and then shift from cotton to beedi making in the same village or spend some time in neighbouring villages at the destination place.
Urban migrants largely migrate towards Hyderabad city in search of work/employment from the village.
The urban migrants participate in different kinds of work in the city such as construction of buildings, brick-kilns, Poultry farms, auto driving, hamali (load & unload labourers), paper collecting and work in private factory/service as labourers.
Unlike urban destinations, in rural areas there is only a single occupation which is agriculture and allied activities.

Social and psychological effects of Migration of Telangana

In its simplest terms the migration of a person places him in a situation involving social adjustments greater in degree than he is accustomed to making, and often they are new in kind.
If the Environment he has left is quite similar to that which he enters, his adjustments are few and relatively easy; hence he is not likely to suffer any very serious disintegration of character, nor is he likely to cause much disturbance in the life of the group and the community into which he enters.
If, on the other hand, the adjustments are many and difficult, because of wide differences in cultural patterns between migrant and native, it is practically certain that the migrants and their families will show a large measure of instability in conduct, often resulting in considerable lawlessness and crime.
The social controls which the native Concept of Migration population finds fairly adequate to direct conduct are not effective for migrants finds adjustment difficult the receiving community finds the assimilation of the migrant just as difficult, and much mutual antagonism arises.
It is this conflict of cultural patterns that is of most importance from the social standpoint in considering the consequences of migration, although the economic conflict of migrant and native is also of great importance.
The hereditary differences between migrant and native are of minor significance unless the migrants are of a distinctly different race which is easily distinguishable by its physical characteristics.

Effects of Migration of Telangana

Large-scale population mobility and the consequent redistribution of population have a number of economic, social, political, ecological and demographic effects.
According to Spengler and Myers, “Migration consists of a variety of movements that can be described in the aggregate as an evolutionary and development-dostering process operating in time and space to correct rural-urban, inter-urban and inter-regional imbalances. It may also spread information, when migrants are more skilled than those living in the regions of destitution, and it may break the cake of custom developing migrants and make the latter a dynamic force”.

Consequences of Migration of Telangana:

Urbanization: Migration aids in Urbanization. Thomson also viewed urbanization in the form of migration. Preston considers rural urban migration as an indicator of regional and sectoral distortions in the pattern of development. The UN also estimated that about 60 per cent of the urban growth in developing countries is due to the rate of natural increase of urban areas and the remaining 40 per cent is due to migration. Migration is the chief mechanisim by which all the world’s greatest urbanization trends have been accomplished.
Rural depopulation: Migration to urban areas results in rural depopulation. As most of the productive work force leaves rural areas in search of better opportunities the rural areas are left behind with the old and the unable.
Social status: Migration is helpful in equalizing social status, income of rural urban settlements, checking fragmentation of land holdings and promotes concept of division of labour and specialization. Migration also helps in cultural diffusion and cultural assimilation as peoples from diverse cultures settle and in due course of time they share and exchange their cultural values and ethos thus helping in cultural diffusion.
Remittances: Income sent home in the form of monetary assistance can help in paying the debts, increasing Food Security, help diversify livelihoods and to reduce vulnerability associated with shocks

Case Study for the Mahaboobnagar District Migration of Telangana:

Mahabubnagar is more of a traditional type of Caste Society with the dominant Reddy Caste controlling the land and the villages through Gram Panchayat and the traditional village administrative system called Patel-Patwari system. From the 1980s onwards, the conditions started changing with increasing opportunities for education and employment outside the village.
In most of the Telangana region, OBCs have emerged as an economic and political force due to these opportunities and the reservations enjoyed by them in the local bodies.
With the enactment of 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1993 it gave further scope for members from marginalized communities to enter the citadels of power and expand their political class.
Economy of the district is backward and primarily agricultural.
Out of a total geographical area of 18.47 lakh hectares, 14.13 lakh hectares is cultivable land and 2.68 lakh hectares is forest land.
It has an irrigated area of only 1.47 lakh hectors and the accounts for only eight per cent of the total land and ten per cent of the cultivable area.
As mentioned earlier, the district is severely drought prone and its agriculture is mainly rain fed.
But the region is close to Hyderabad and migration takes place on a large scale not only to Hyderabad but also to the other parts of the country.
Migrants are mostly employed in construction labour in large scale projects like Dams and highways

Concluding Remarks

Migration of Telangana and related issues are one of the major thrust of research now a day.
In spite of number of studies have been conducted still there is a lot issues related to the migration has not been addressed.
The main cause and concern behind the Migration of Telangana is the economic factor; so agriculture and non-farm sector at rural landscape should be given the top priority to control migration.
Hence, the government should kick off inclusive rural policies through which credit support and rights based service delivery and other Services can be assured to the target demography.
Rural-urban migration can be controlled on a large scale if the government will provide all kind of support to the rural migrants for getting their livelihoods and provide them basic amenities for a descent standard of living at the rural areas as like as its urban counterpart.
The government should develop public policy by integrating social inclusion in milieu of rural diversity for the wellbeing of all the segments of rural community.

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. It can be internal, meaning within a country, or international, meaning between countries. Migration can be voluntary, meaning people choose to move, or involuntary, meaning people are forced to move.

There are many reasons why people migrate. Some people migrate for economic reasons, seeking better opportunities in other places. Others migrate for political reasons, fleeing persecution or violence. Still others migrate for environmental reasons, seeking to escape natural disasters or Climate change.

Migration can have a significant impact on both the sending and receiving countries. Sending countries can lose skilled workers and tax revenue, while receiving countries can face challenges such as integration and social cohesion.

Despite the challenges, migration can also be a positive force. It can help to spread ideas and culture, and it can provide a source of labor for growing economies.

Internal migration is the movement of people within a country. It can be for a variety of reasons, such as employment, education, or family. Internal migration can have a significant impact on both the sending and receiving areas.

In some cases, internal migration can lead to economic growth. When people move to areas with more job opportunities, it can boost the local economy. However, internal migration can also lead to problems, such as overcrowding and increased demand for housing and services.

International migration is the movement of people between countries. It can be for a variety of reasons, such as employment, education, or family. International migration can have a significant impact on both the sending and receiving countries.

In some cases, international migration can lead to economic growth. When people move to countries with more job opportunities, it can boost the local economy. However, international migration can also lead to problems, such as social unrest and increased demand for social services.

Migration of tribal people is the movement of people from tribal areas to other parts of the country. It can be for a variety of reasons, such as economic opportunities, education, or health care. Migration of tribal people can have a significant impact on both the sending and receiving areas.

In some cases, migration of tribal people can lead to economic development. When people move to areas with more job opportunities, it can boost the local economy. However, migration of tribal people can also lead to problems, such as loss of culture and identity.

Migration of Women is the movement of women from one place to another. It can be for a variety of reasons, such as employment, education, or marriage. Migration of women can have a significant impact on both the sending and receiving areas.

In some cases, migration of women can lead to economic Empowerment. When women move to areas with more job opportunities, it can boost the local economy. However, migration of women can also lead to problems, such as violence and exploitation.

Migration of children is the movement of children from one place to another. It can be for a variety of reasons, such as family reunification, education, or war. Migration of children can have a significant impact on both the sending and receiving areas.

In some cases, migration of children can lead to educational opportunities. When children move to areas with better schools, it can improve their chances of success. However, migration of children can also lead to problems, such as separation from family and loss of education.

Migration of youth is the movement of young people from one place to another. It can be for a variety of reasons, such as employment, education, or marriage. Migration of youth can have a significant impact on both the sending and receiving areas.

In some cases, migration of youth can lead to economic development. When young people move to areas with more job opportunities, it can boost the local economy. However, migration of youth can also lead to problems, such as unemployment and social unrest.

Migration of elderly people is the movement of older people from one place to another. It can be for a variety of reasons, such as retirement, health care, or family reunification. Migration of elderly people can have a significant impact on both the sending and receiving areas.

In some cases, migration of elderly people can lead to economic development. When older people move to areas with more job opportunities, it can boost the local economy. However, migration of elderly people can also lead to problems, such as social isolation and lack of access to health care.

Migration of skilled workers is the movement of people with specialized skills from one place to another. It can be for a variety of reasons, such as employment, education, or family. Migration of skilled workers can have a significant impact on both the sending and receiving areas.

In some cases, migration of skilled workers can lead to economic growth. When skilled workers move to areas with more job opportunities, it can boost the local economy. However, migration of skilled workers can also lead to problems, such as brain drain and loss of innovation.

Migration of unskilled workers is the movement of people without specialized skills from

What is migration?

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. It can be voluntary or involuntary, and it can be for a variety of reasons, such as economic opportunity, political instability, or environmental change.

What are the different types of migration?

There are many different types of migration, but some of the most common include:

Internal migration: This is the movement of people within a country.
International migration: This is the movement of people between countries.
Rural-to-urban migration: This is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.
Urban-to-rural migration: This is the movement of people from urban areas to rural areas.
Forced migration: This is the movement of people who are forced to leave their homes due to war, persecution, or natural disaster.

What are the causes of migration?

There are many different causes of migration, but some of the most common include:

Economic opportunity: People often migrate in search of better economic opportunities.
Political instability: People may migrate to escape political instability or persecution.
Environmental change: People may migrate due to environmental change, such as drought, famine, or natural disaster.
War: People may migrate to escape war or violence.

What are the effects of migration?

Migration can have both positive and negative effects on the sending and receiving countries. Some of the positive effects of migration include:

Increased economic growth: Migration can lead to increased economic growth in both the sending and receiving countries.
Transfer of knowledge and skills: Migrants can bring new knowledge and skills to the receiving country.
Increased cultural diversity: Migration can lead to increased cultural diversity in both the sending and receiving countries.

Some of the negative effects of migration include:

Brain drain: Migration can lead to a loss of skilled workers in the sending country.
Social unrest: Migration can lead to social unrest in the receiving country, as migrants may face discrimination or hostility.
Environmental impact: Migration can have a negative impact on the environment, as migrants may use more Resources than the local population.

What are the policies that can be used to manage migration?

There are a number of policies that can be used to manage migration, such as:

Visa policies: Visa policies can be used to control the flow of migrants into a country.
Immigration policies: Immigration policies can be used to determine who is allowed to stay in a country and who is not.
Integration policies: Integration policies can be used to help migrants adjust to their new lives in a receiving country.
Remittance policies: Remittance policies can be used to encourage migrants to send Money back to their home countries.

What is the future of migration?

The future of migration is uncertain. However, it is likely that migration will continue to be a major issue in the world for many years to come.

Which of the following is not a reason for migration?
(A) To find better job opportunities
(B) To escape from natural disasters
(C) To get a better education
(D) To live in a more developed area
Which of the following is the most common type of migration?
(A) Internal migration
(B) International migration
(C) Rural-to-urban migration
(D) Urban-to-rural migration
Which of the following is the most common reason for internal migration?
(A) To find better job opportunities
(B) To escape from natural disasters
(C) To get a better education
(D) To live in a more developed area
Which of the following is the most common reason for international migration?
(A) To find better job opportunities
(B) To escape from war or persecution
(C) To reunite with family members
(D) To study abroad
Which of the following is the most common type of rural-to-urban migration?
(A) Migration from rural areas to small towns
(B) Migration from rural areas to large cities
(C) Migration from small towns to large cities
(D) Migration from large cities to rural areas
Which of the following is the most common type of urban-to-rural migration?
(A) Migration from large cities to small towns
(B) Migration from large cities to rural areas
(C) Migration from small towns to large cities
(D) Migration from rural areas to small towns
Which of the following is the most common reason for rural-to-urban migration?
(A) To find better job opportunities
(B) To escape from poverty
(C) To have access to better education and healthcare
(D) To have a better Quality Of Life
Which of the following is the most common reason for urban-to-rural migration?
(A) To escape from pollution and crime
(B) To have a slower pace of life
(C) To live in a more natural environment
(D) To be closer to family and friends
Which of the following is the most common impact of migration?
(A) Change in population density
(B) Change in cultural diversity
(C) Change in economic development
(D) Change in political power
Which of the following is the most common challenge of migration?
(A) Providing adequate housing and Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE
(B) Providing social services
(C) Preventing crime and violence
(D) Promoting integration and social cohesion