MIGRATION OF MADHYA PRADESH

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Migration OF MADHYA PRADESH

Madhya Pradesh is large state in central India (second- largest  in the country) located in the geographic heart of India, between latitude 21.2°N-26.87°N and longitude 74°02′-82°49′ E, retains landmarks from eras throughout Indian history.Nicknamed the “heart of India” due to its geographical  location in India.  With over 75 million inhabitants, it is the 5thlargest state in India by Population.  It  borders the state of Uttar Pradesh in the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharastra to the south, Rajasthan to the northwest and Gujarat  to the west. The state is fully landlocked.  Total area of state is 308,252 km2 .

As per details from Census 2011, Madhya Pradesh has population of 7.27 Crores, an increase from  6.03Crore in 2001. Density of state  is 236 per sq km which is lower than national Average 382 per sq km. The  population Growth in this decade was 20.35 percent . Total Population of Madhya Pradesh as  per  2011 census is 72,626,809 of which male and female are 37,612,306 and 35,014,503 respectively. In 2001, total population was 60,348,023 in which males were 31,443,652 while females were 28,904,371.  The population of Madhya Pradesh forms 6.00 % of India in 2011 while  the figure was 5.87 percent  in 2001.

The poor over the last five years as new opportunities in urban areas have reduced the uncertainty of finding work, wages have increased and the dependence on contractors has declined. Furthermore, migration is attracting more Women and upper castes as traditional restrictions related to manual work break down. Migration has brought greater returns to those with skills or strong social networks. Others, relying on contractors or facing discrimination, have not benefited as much. Nevertheless, migration is viewed by the poor as a strategy for improving household well-being. Migration has reduced borrowing for consumption, improved debt repayment capacity and given migrants greater confidence and bargaining power.

Internal, seasonal migrations act as a ‘safety valve’ among the poorest communities1 , more often than not critical to the livelihoods of the most socially and economically vulnerable. Those belong in majority to tribal communities, Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Classes.

Madhya Pradesh:

Total Population 60,348,023

Total in migration 2,305,999

% of population      3.8

Share of total migrants4.8

(source : 2001 census)

REASONS FOR MIGRATION:

  1. LAND GRABBING: When it comes to land rights, many tribals in Madhya Pradesh got it years ago. But they failed to get real ownership as they are not allowed to cultivate their own lands.The forest department also acts as the enemy of the tribals by denying them the right to cultivate their lands.Denied land rights, tribals are either migrating to other places in search of jobs or are becoming daily wage labourers.Data from the rural development ministry and the Planning Commission reveal that large chunks of lands continue to be alienated from tribals in Madhya Pradesh (1.58 lakh acres). To address this problem , in January 2016 theMadhya Pradesh government conferred habitat  right upon the  Baigas a primitive tribe, to right the wrong meted out to them for centuries.

 

  1. TO FIND NEW OPPORTUNITIES IN URBAN AREAS:   The Opportunities for  poor over years have reduced to find work. Hence  the uncertainty and POVERTY increased in certain tribes.
  2. Discrimination against backward classes like SC/ST/OBC etc. force them to shift to other place in hope of getting better lifestyle.
  3. Draught in MP forces SAHARIA tribe to migrate.
  4. Traditional reasons:  EMPLOYMENT, Education, family moved, marriage
  5. Modern reasons emerged after Liberalization-2/”>Liberalization: business, drought( Saharia community)  and  other natural calamities.

Scenarios (2016-2020):

 

  1. Migration in future in Madhya Pradesh will follow following trend-Widening the gap between the developmental paradigm and tribal poverty reduction- tribal poverty reduction is still not prioritised over the competing agenda for Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan’s Economic Development. Progress is comparatively slower in tribal areas, where, in addition to mutual mistrust (STs-government), the mechanisation backlash continues to challenge STs’ access to seasonal job opportunities, a determinant means for households to buy food.  In addition, and despite existing law on land rights, STs’ livelihoods are further endangered by 2020. Overall, the absence of any real protection from authorities and tribal communities, lack of bargaining power, maintain STs’ relative dependence on contractors by 2020 and hence migration will continue  from these communities.

 

  1. Bridging the gap, sustained traditional migrations in an improved overall context– tribal poverty slowly reducing  in Madhya Pradesh because of government’s  social security schemes like MGNREGA and National Food Security Act. Hence migration is expected to decrease in future for traditional reasons like poverty, food insecurity , draught etc.

 

  1. India’s development ‘now and everywhere’ hardly means ‘for everyone’– The accelerated impact of Climate change is perceptible, causing huge loss to agricultural crops, and thereby forcing more families to migrate outside well-established migratory patterns considering tribal communities’ vulnerability to external shocks. Children and women are the most affected, suffering from deprivation during migrations impacting their Health condition. Further the benefit of higher rate of development of India is not reaching to  weaker section of Society like SC/ST/OBC  and women.

 

Considering the key socio-economic drivers at play, tribal migrations are likely to continue accelerating by 2020.  Hence  to contain migration;, civil society actors could find in the preparatory phase preceding migrations an interesting window for action in addition to government measures. As part of the existing strategies deployed by migrating families, some reported gathering a few packets of Take-Home Rations (THR) from Anganwadi Centres (AWCs), as well as pain killers and basic medicine. Activities targeting care practices awareness, contextualized to the living conditions on work sites and targeting the adults in charge of the temporary settlement, might also constitute an impactful trigger while operating in the source area.,

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. It can be internal, meaning within a country, or international, meaning between countries. There are many reasons why people migrate, including economic opportunities, political instability, and natural disasters.

Internal migration is the movement of people within a country. In India, internal migration is a major phenomenon, with millions of people moving every year. The most common reasons for internal migration are economic opportunities, such as finding better jobs or education, and family reasons, such as getting married or following a spouse.

International migration is the movement of people between countries. In India, international migration is a relatively small phenomenon, but it is growing. The most common reasons for international migration are economic opportunities, such as finding better jobs or education, and political instability.

Push factors are the reasons that people leave their homes. They can be economic, such as poverty or Unemployment, or political, such as war or persecution.

Pull factors are the reasons that people move to a new place. They can be economic, such as better job opportunities or higher wages, or social, such as a better Quality Of Life or a chance to reunite with family members.

Migration patterns are the ways in which people move. They can be seasonal, such as when people move to find work during the harvest season, or permanent, such as when people move to a new country to start a new life.

Migrants’ rights are the rights of people who have moved to a new place. They include the right to work, the right to education, and the right to health care.

Remittances are the Money that migrants send back to their home countries. They can be a significant Source Of Income for families and communities.

The impact of migration on Madhya Pradesh is significant. Migrants bring new skills and ideas to the state, and they can help to boost the economy. However, migration can also lead to social problems, such as overcrowding and unemployment.

Policies to address migration in Madhya Pradesh include providing education and training to migrants, helping them to find jobs, and providing social Services to their families.

In conclusion, migration is a complex issue with both positive and negative impacts. It is important to understand the reasons why people migrate, the patterns of migration, and the rights of migrants in order to develop effective policies to address migration.

Here are some additional details on each of the subtopics:

  • Internal migration: Internal migration is the movement of people within a country. In India, internal migration is a major phenomenon, with millions of people moving every year. The most common reasons for internal migration are economic opportunities, such as finding better jobs or education, and family reasons, such as getting married or following a spouse.
  • International migration: International migration is the movement of people between countries. In India, international migration is a relatively small phenomenon, but it is growing. The most common reasons for international migration are economic opportunities, such as finding better jobs or education, and political instability.
  • Push factors: Push factors are the reasons that people leave their homes. They can be economic, such as poverty or unemployment, or political, such as war or persecution.
  • Pull factors: Pull factors are the reasons that people move to a new place. They can be economic, such as better job opportunities or higher wages, or social, such as a better quality of life or a chance to reunite with family members.
  • Migration patterns: Migration patterns are the ways in which people move. They can be seasonal, such as when people move to find work during the harvest season, or permanent, such as when people move to a new country to start a new life.
  • Migrants’ rights: Migrants’ rights are the rights of people who have moved to a new place. They include the right to work, the right to education, and the right to health care.
  • Remittances: Remittances are the money that migrants send back to their home countries. They can be a significant source of income for families and communities.
  • Impact of migration on Madhya Pradesh: The impact of migration on Madhya Pradesh is significant. Migrants bring new skills and ideas to the state, and they can help to boost the economy. However, migration can also lead to social problems, such as overcrowding and unemployment.
  • Policies to address migration in Madhya Pradesh: Policies to address migration in Madhya Pradesh include providing education and training to migrants, helping them to find jobs, and providing social services to their families.

What is migration?

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. It can be voluntary or involuntary, and it can be short-term or long-term.

What are the causes of migration?

There are many reasons why people migrate. Some of the most common reasons include:

  • Economic opportunity: People may migrate in search of better jobs or higher wages.
  • Political instability: People may migrate to escape war, violence, or persecution.
  • Natural disasters: People may migrate to escape natural disasters such as floods, Earthquakes, or hurricanes.
  • Environmental Degradation: People may migrate to escape environmental degradation such as deforestation, Desertification, or pollution.
  • Family reunification: People may migrate to reunite with family members who have already migrated.
  • Education: People may migrate to pursue higher education or vocational training.
  • Retirement: People may migrate to retire in a place with a lower cost of living or a warmer climate.

What are the effects of migration?

Migration can have both positive and negative effects on the sending and receiving countries. Some of the positive effects of migration include:

  • Increased economic growth: Migration can lead to increased economic growth in both the sending and receiving countries. In the sending country, remittances (money sent home by migrants) can help to boost the economy. In the receiving country, migrants can provide a source of labor and help to fill labor shortages.
  • Increased cultural diversity: Migration can lead to increased cultural diversity in both the sending and receiving countries. This can enrich the lives of people in both countries by exposing them to new cultures and ideas.
  • Increased innovation: Migration can lead to increased innovation in both the sending and receiving countries. Migrants often bring new ideas and skills with them, which can help to drive economic growth and development.

Some of the negative effects of migration include:

  • Brain drain: Migration can lead to a brain drain in the sending country, as skilled workers leave to seek better opportunities elsewhere. This can have a negative impact on the economy of the sending country.
  • Social unrest: Migration can lead to social unrest in the receiving country, as migrants compete with locals for jobs and housing. This can lead to tensions and conflict between migrants and locals.
  • Environmental degradation: Migration can lead to environmental degradation in the receiving country, as migrants put pressure on natural Resources. This can lead to deforestation, pollution, and other environmental problems.

What are the policies that can be used to manage migration?

There are a number of policies that can be used to manage migration. Some of the most common policies include:

  • Visa policies: Visa policies can be used to control who is allowed to enter a country.
  • Immigration policies: Immigration policies can be used to control who is allowed to stay in a country.
  • Remittance policies: Remittance policies can be used to encourage migrants to send money home to their families in the sending country.
  • Integration policies: Integration policies can be used to help migrants to integrate into the receiving society.

What is the future of migration?

The future of migration is uncertain. However, it is likely that migration will continue to be a major issue in the world for many years to come. The factors that are driving migration, such as economic inequality, political instability, and environmental degradation, are not going away anytime soon. As a result, we can expect to see more people migrating in the future.

Here are some MCQs about the topics of migration, without mentioning the topic of migration of Madhya Pradesh:

  1. Which of the following is not a reason for migration?
    (A) To find better job opportunities
    (B) To escape from natural disasters
    (C) To get married
    (D) To study

  2. Which of the following is the most common type of migration?
    (A) Internal migration
    (B) International migration
    (C) Rural-to-urban migration
    (D) Urban-to-rural migration

  3. Which of the following is the most common destination for migrants?
    (A) Developed countries
    (B) Developing countries
    (C) Least developed countries
    (D) All of the above

  4. Which of the following is the most common cause of forced migration?
    (A) War
    (B) Persecution
    (C) Natural disasters
    (D) All of the above

  5. Which of the following is the most common impact of migration?
    (A) Change in population demographics
    (B) Change in culture
    (C) Change in economy
    (D) All of the above

  6. Which of the following is the most common policy response to migration?
    (A) Border control
    (B) Integration policies
    (C) Remittances policies
    (D) All of the above

  7. Which of the following is the most common international organization that deals with migration?
    (A) The United Nations
    (B) The International Organization for Migration
    (C) The World Bank
    (D) The World Trade Organization

  8. Which of the following is the most common non-governmental organization that deals with migration?
    (A) Amnesty International
    (B) Human Rights Watch
    (C) Oxfam
    (D) The Red Cross

  9. Which of the following is the most common academic discipline that studies migration?
    (A) Sociology
    (B) Economics
    (C) Political science
    (D) Anthropology

  10. Which of the following is the most common book about migration?
    (A) “The Uprooted” by Oscar Handlin
    (B) “The Age of Migration” by Stephen Castles and Mark Miller
    (C) “No Borders” by Peter Andreas and Timothy Snyder
    (D) “The Migrants” by Suketu Mehta

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