{"id":92066,"date":"2025-06-01T11:13:11","date_gmt":"2025-06-01T11:13:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/?p=92066"},"modified":"2025-06-01T11:13:11","modified_gmt":"2025-06-01T11:13:11","slug":"consider-the-following1-demographic-performance2-forest-and-ecolo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/consider-the-following1-demographic-performance2-forest-and-ecolo\/","title":{"rendered":"Consider the following:\n1. Demographic performance\n2. Forest and ecolo"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Consider the following:<br \/>\n1. Demographic performance<br \/>\n2. Forest and ecology<br \/>\n3. Governance reforms<br \/>\n4. Stable government<br \/>\n5. Tax and fiscal efforts<br \/>\nFor the horizontal tax devolution, the Fifteenth Finance Commission used how many of the above as criteria other than population area and income distance?<\/p>\n<p>[amp_mcq option1=&#8221;Only two&#8221; option2=&#8221;Only three&#8221; option3=&#8221;Only four&#8221; option4=&#8221;All five&#8221; correct=&#8221;option2&#8243;]<\/p>\n<div class=\"psc-box-pyq-exam-year-detail\">\n<div class=\"pyq-exam\">\n<div class=\"psc-heading\">This question was previously asked in<\/div>\n<div class=\"psc-title line-ellipsis\">UPSC IAS &#8211; 2023<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pyq-exam-psc-buttons\"><a href=\"\/pyq\/pyq-upsc-ias-2023.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"psc-pdf-button\" rel=\"noopener\">Download PDF<\/a><a href=\"\/pyq-upsc-ias-2023\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"psc-attempt-button\" rel=\"noopener\">Attempt Online<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"pyq-correct-answer\">\nThe Fifteenth Finance Commission (FC-XV) used several criteria for horizontal tax devolution (distribution of the divisible pool of central taxes among the states). The criteria used were:<br \/>\n1.  **Population (2011):** 15% weight<br \/>\n2.  **Area:** 15% weight<br \/>\n3.  **Forest and Ecology:** 10% weight<br \/>\n4.  **Income Distance:** 45% weight<br \/>\n5.  **Demographic Performance:** 12.5% weight<br \/>\n6.  **Tax and Fiscal Efforts:** 2.5% weight<\/p>\n<p>The question asks for the number of criteria from the given list used by the FC-XV, *other than* population, area, and income distance.<br \/>\nLet&#8217;s examine the provided list against the FC-XV criteria:<br \/>\n1.  Demographic performance: Yes, used (12.5%).<br \/>\n2.  Forest and ecology: Yes, used (10%).<br \/>\n3.  Governance reforms: No, not a quantitative criterion used for horizontal devolution. While good governance is important and discussed in reports, it was not a formula-based criterion for distributing funds to states.<br \/>\n4.  Stable government: No, this is a political condition, not an economic or demographic criterion used by the Finance Commission for devolution.<br \/>\n5.  Tax and fiscal efforts: Yes, used (2.5%).<\/p>\n<p>The criteria from the list, other than population, area, and income distance, that were used by the Fifteenth Finance Commission are: Demographic performance, Forest and ecology, and Tax and fiscal efforts. This is a total of three criteria.<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"pyq-key-points\">\n&#8211; The Fifteenth Finance Commission used multiple criteria for horizontal tax devolution among states.<br \/>\n&#8211; Population, Area, and Income Distance were significant criteria.<br \/>\n&#8211; Other criteria included Demographic Performance, Forest and Ecology, and Tax and Fiscal Efforts.<br \/>\n&#8211; Governance reforms and Stable government were not formula-based criteria for horizontal devolution.<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"pyq-additional-information\">\nThe weights assigned to each criterion reflect the Commission&#8217;s judgment on how to balance equity, need, and performance among states. Using the 2011 population census data instead of 1971 data (used by previous commissions) was a significant change, and the Demographic Performance criterion was introduced partly to address concerns of states that had successfully controlled population growth. Forest and Ecology and Tax and Fiscal Efforts were included to incentivize positive outcomes in these areas.<br \/>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Consider the following: 1. Demographic performance 2. Forest and ecology 3. Governance reforms 4. Stable government 5. Tax and fiscal efforts For the horizontal tax devolution, the Fifteenth Finance Commission used how many of the above as criteria other than population area and income distance? [amp_mcq option1=&#8221;Only two&#8221; option2=&#8221;Only three&#8221; option3=&#8221;Only four&#8221; option4=&#8221;All five&#8221; correct=&#8221;option2&#8243;] &#8230; <\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more-container\"><a title=\"Consider the following:\n1. Demographic performance\n2. Forest and ecolo\" class=\"read-more button\" href=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/consider-the-following1-demographic-performance2-forest-and-ecolo\/#more-92066\">Detailed Solution<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Consider the following:<br \/>\n1. Demographic performance<br \/>\n2. Forest and ecolo<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1092],"tags":[1105,1099,1390],"class_list":["post-92066","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-upsc-ias","tag-1105","tag-indian-polity-and-governance","tag-the-finance-commission","no-featured-image-padding"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.2 (Yoast SEO v23.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Consider the following: 1. Demographic performance 2. Forest and ecolo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Fifteenth Finance Commission (FC-XV) used several criteria for horizontal tax devolution (distribution of the divisible pool of central taxes among the states). The criteria used were: 1. **Population (2011):** 15% weight 2. **Area:** 15% weight 3. **Forest and Ecology:** 10% weight 4. **Income Distance:** 45% weight 5. **Demographic Performance:** 12.5% weight 6. **Tax and Fiscal Efforts:** 2.5% weight The question asks for the number of criteria from the given list used by the FC-XV, *other than* population, area, and income distance. Let&#039;s examine the provided list against the FC-XV criteria: 1. Demographic performance: Yes, used (12.5%). 2. Forest and ecology: Yes, used (10%). 3. Governance reforms: No, not a quantitative criterion used for horizontal devolution. While good governance is important and discussed in reports, it was not a formula-based criterion for distributing funds to states. 4. Stable government: No, this is a political condition, not an economic or demographic criterion used by the Finance Commission for devolution. 5. Tax and fiscal efforts: Yes, used (2.5%). The criteria from the list, other than population, area, and income distance, that were used by the Fifteenth Finance Commission are: Demographic performance, Forest and ecology, and Tax and fiscal efforts. This is a total of three criteria. - The Fifteenth Finance Commission used multiple criteria for horizontal tax devolution among states. - Population, Area, and Income Distance were significant criteria. - Other criteria included Demographic Performance, Forest and Ecology, and Tax and Fiscal Efforts. - Governance reforms and Stable government were not formula-based criteria for horizontal devolution.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/consider-the-following1-demographic-performance2-forest-and-ecolo\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Consider the following: 1. Demographic performance 2. Forest and ecolo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Fifteenth Finance Commission (FC-XV) used several criteria for horizontal tax devolution (distribution of the divisible pool of central taxes among the states). The criteria used were: 1. **Population (2011):** 15% weight 2. **Area:** 15% weight 3. **Forest and Ecology:** 10% weight 4. **Income Distance:** 45% weight 5. **Demographic Performance:** 12.5% weight 6. **Tax and Fiscal Efforts:** 2.5% weight The question asks for the number of criteria from the given list used by the FC-XV, *other than* population, area, and income distance. Let&#039;s examine the provided list against the FC-XV criteria: 1. Demographic performance: Yes, used (12.5%). 2. Forest and ecology: Yes, used (10%). 3. Governance reforms: No, not a quantitative criterion used for horizontal devolution. While good governance is important and discussed in reports, it was not a formula-based criterion for distributing funds to states. 4. Stable government: No, this is a political condition, not an economic or demographic criterion used by the Finance Commission for devolution. 5. Tax and fiscal efforts: Yes, used (2.5%). The criteria from the list, other than population, area, and income distance, that were used by the Fifteenth Finance Commission are: Demographic performance, Forest and ecology, and Tax and fiscal efforts. This is a total of three criteria. - The Fifteenth Finance Commission used multiple criteria for horizontal tax devolution among states. - Population, Area, and Income Distance were significant criteria. - Other criteria included Demographic Performance, Forest and Ecology, and Tax and Fiscal Efforts. - Governance reforms and Stable government were not formula-based criteria for horizontal devolution.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/consider-the-following1-demographic-performance2-forest-and-ecolo\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MCQ and Quiz for Exams\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-06-01T11:13:11+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"rawan239\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"rawan239\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Consider the following: 1. Demographic performance 2. Forest and ecolo","description":"The Fifteenth Finance Commission (FC-XV) used several criteria for horizontal tax devolution (distribution of the divisible pool of central taxes among the states). The criteria used were: 1. **Population (2011):** 15% weight 2. **Area:** 15% weight 3. **Forest and Ecology:** 10% weight 4. **Income Distance:** 45% weight 5. **Demographic Performance:** 12.5% weight 6. **Tax and Fiscal Efforts:** 2.5% weight The question asks for the number of criteria from the given list used by the FC-XV, *other than* population, area, and income distance. Let's examine the provided list against the FC-XV criteria: 1. Demographic performance: Yes, used (12.5%). 2. Forest and ecology: Yes, used (10%). 3. Governance reforms: No, not a quantitative criterion used for horizontal devolution. While good governance is important and discussed in reports, it was not a formula-based criterion for distributing funds to states. 4. Stable government: No, this is a political condition, not an economic or demographic criterion used by the Finance Commission for devolution. 5. Tax and fiscal efforts: Yes, used (2.5%). The criteria from the list, other than population, area, and income distance, that were used by the Fifteenth Finance Commission are: Demographic performance, Forest and ecology, and Tax and fiscal efforts. This is a total of three criteria. - The Fifteenth Finance Commission used multiple criteria for horizontal tax devolution among states. - Population, Area, and Income Distance were significant criteria. - Other criteria included Demographic Performance, Forest and Ecology, and Tax and Fiscal Efforts. - Governance reforms and Stable government were not formula-based criteria for horizontal devolution.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/consider-the-following1-demographic-performance2-forest-and-ecolo\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Consider the following: 1. Demographic performance 2. Forest and ecolo","og_description":"The Fifteenth Finance Commission (FC-XV) used several criteria for horizontal tax devolution (distribution of the divisible pool of central taxes among the states). The criteria used were: 1. **Population (2011):** 15% weight 2. **Area:** 15% weight 3. **Forest and Ecology:** 10% weight 4. **Income Distance:** 45% weight 5. **Demographic Performance:** 12.5% weight 6. **Tax and Fiscal Efforts:** 2.5% weight The question asks for the number of criteria from the given list used by the FC-XV, *other than* population, area, and income distance. Let's examine the provided list against the FC-XV criteria: 1. Demographic performance: Yes, used (12.5%). 2. Forest and ecology: Yes, used (10%). 3. Governance reforms: No, not a quantitative criterion used for horizontal devolution. While good governance is important and discussed in reports, it was not a formula-based criterion for distributing funds to states. 4. Stable government: No, this is a political condition, not an economic or demographic criterion used by the Finance Commission for devolution. 5. Tax and fiscal efforts: Yes, used (2.5%). The criteria from the list, other than population, area, and income distance, that were used by the Fifteenth Finance Commission are: Demographic performance, Forest and ecology, and Tax and fiscal efforts. This is a total of three criteria. - The Fifteenth Finance Commission used multiple criteria for horizontal tax devolution among states. - Population, Area, and Income Distance were significant criteria. - Other criteria included Demographic Performance, Forest and Ecology, and Tax and Fiscal Efforts. - Governance reforms and Stable government were not formula-based criteria for horizontal devolution.","og_url":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/consider-the-following1-demographic-performance2-forest-and-ecolo\/","og_site_name":"MCQ and Quiz for Exams","article_published_time":"2025-06-01T11:13:11+00:00","author":"rawan239","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"rawan239","Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/consider-the-following1-demographic-performance2-forest-and-ecolo\/","url":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/consider-the-following1-demographic-performance2-forest-and-ecolo\/","name":"Consider the following: 1. Demographic performance 2. Forest and ecolo","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/#website"},"datePublished":"2025-06-01T11:13:11+00:00","dateModified":"2025-06-01T11:13:11+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/#\/schema\/person\/5807dafeb27d2ec82344d6cbd6c3d209"},"description":"The Fifteenth Finance Commission (FC-XV) used several criteria for horizontal tax devolution (distribution of the divisible pool of central taxes among the states). The criteria used were: 1. **Population (2011):** 15% weight 2. **Area:** 15% weight 3. **Forest and Ecology:** 10% weight 4. **Income Distance:** 45% weight 5. **Demographic Performance:** 12.5% weight 6. **Tax and Fiscal Efforts:** 2.5% weight The question asks for the number of criteria from the given list used by the FC-XV, *other than* population, area, and income distance. Let's examine the provided list against the FC-XV criteria: 1. Demographic performance: Yes, used (12.5%). 2. Forest and ecology: Yes, used (10%). 3. Governance reforms: No, not a quantitative criterion used for horizontal devolution. While good governance is important and discussed in reports, it was not a formula-based criterion for distributing funds to states. 4. Stable government: No, this is a political condition, not an economic or demographic criterion used by the Finance Commission for devolution. 5. Tax and fiscal efforts: Yes, used (2.5%). The criteria from the list, other than population, area, and income distance, that were used by the Fifteenth Finance Commission are: Demographic performance, Forest and ecology, and Tax and fiscal efforts. This is a total of three criteria. - The Fifteenth Finance Commission used multiple criteria for horizontal tax devolution among states. - Population, Area, and Income Distance were significant criteria. - Other criteria included Demographic Performance, Forest and Ecology, and Tax and Fiscal Efforts. - Governance reforms and Stable government were not formula-based criteria for horizontal devolution.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/consider-the-following1-demographic-performance2-forest-and-ecolo\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/consider-the-following1-demographic-performance2-forest-and-ecolo\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/consider-the-following1-demographic-performance2-forest-and-ecolo\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"UPSC IAS","item":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/category\/upsc-ias\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Consider the following: 1. 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