Which of the following are true in the context of Swadeshi movement in 1905 ?<\/p>\n
Select the correct answer using the code given below :<\/p>\n
[amp_mcq option1=”1, 2 and 3″ option2=”1 and 2 only” option3=”2 and 3 only” option4=”1 and 3 only” correct=”option2″]<\/p>\n
* Statement 1: Massive demonstrations were held in Bengal. This is true. The movement began on 7th August 1905, with a massive demonstration in Calcutta Town Hall. Protests and demonstrations were widespread throughout Bengal and spread to other parts of India.
\n* Statement 2: Hartal was observed in Calcutta. This is true. Hartals (strikes) were a key method of protest during the Swadeshi movement, especially in Calcutta, which was the epicenter of the protests against the partition.
\n* Statement 3: The movement was initiated by the moderates, but was taken over by the revolutionary nationalists at a later stage. This statement is partially true but misleading in its terminology. The movement *was* initially led by Moderate leaders (like Surendranath Banerjea, Krishna Kumar Mitra), who believed in constitutional methods like prayers and petitions. However, the leadership soon passed into the hands of Extremist or Militant Nationalists (like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Aurobindo Ghosh, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai) who advocated for more assertive methods like boycott, passive resistance, and Swadeshi. While revolutionary nationalist groups (like Anushilan Samiti, Jugantar) were also active and emerged during this period, they represented a different, often more underground, stream aiming at armed struggle. The mass movement was largely led by the ‘Extremists’, not primarily the ‘revolutionary nationalists’ in the strict sense taking over the *leadership of the mass movement* from Extremists. Given the options, statements 1 and 2 are clearly and unequivocally true about the nature of the Swadeshi movement’s activities in 1905. Statement 3’s phrasing is debatable and less precise than the first two.<\/p>\n