\n– **3. Passing of the Rowlatt Act:** Officially known as the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919, this act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in March 1919. It authorised the British government to imprison anyone suspected of terrorism without trial. This led to widespread anger and protests across India.
\n– **4. Jallianwala Bagh incident:** This horrific event took place on April 13, 1919, in Amritsar, Punjab. A large crowd had gathered peacefully to protest the Rowlatt Act and the arrest of nationalist leaders, when British troops, under the command of General Dyer, fired upon the unarmed crowd, resulting in hundreds of deaths.
\n– **2. All-India Khilafat Conference in Delhi:** Several Khilafat conferences were held. A major conference took place in Delhi in November 1919, where the leadership, including Gandhiji, discussed cooperation with the Non-Cooperation movement. Gandhiji became president of the All-India Khilafat Committee later.
\n– **1. Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement:** Gandhiji announced the formal launch of the Non-Cooperation Movement on August 1, 1920, following the death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and in conjunction with the Khilafat issue. The movement gained momentum in the following months after the Calcutta Special Session (September 1920) and Nagpur Session (December 1920) of the Indian National Congress approved the program.
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