B. Confounding<\/strong><\/p>\nThe figure shows a scatter plot of two variables, $X$ and $Y$. The points are scattered around a line, but there is also a clear trend: as $X$ increases, $Y$ tends to increase as well. This suggests that there is a positive correlation between $X$ and $Y$.<\/p>\n
However, it is important to note that correlation does not imply causation. Just because two variables are correlated does not mean that one causes the other. In this case, it is possible that there is a third variable, $Z$, that is causing both $X$ and $Y$ to change. For example, if $Z$ is time, then the increase in $X$ and $Y$ could simply be due to the fact that the data was collected over time.<\/p>\n
In order to determine whether there is a causal relationship between $X$ and $Y$, it would be necessary to conduct an experiment in which $X$ is manipulated and $Y$ is measured. If the manipulation of $X$ causes $Y$ to change, then there is evidence of a causal relationship.<\/p>\n
A. Correlation<\/strong><\/p>\nCorrelation is a measure of the strength of the linear relationship between two variables. It is calculated by taking the covariance of the two variables and dividing it by the product of their standard deviations. The correlation coefficient can range from -1 to 1. A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates that there is no linear relationship between the two variables. A correlation coefficient of 1 indicates that there is a perfect positive linear relationship between the two variables. A correlation coefficient of -1 indicates that there is a perfect negative linear relationship between the two variables.<\/p>\n
B. Confounding<\/strong><\/p>\nConfounding is a situation in which two variables are correlated, but the correlation is not due to a causal relationship between the two variables. Instead, the correlation is due to the fact that both variables are affected by a third variable.<\/p>\n
C. Causation<\/strong><\/p>\nCausation is a relationship between two variables in which one variable (the cause) affects the other variable (the effect). In order to determine whether there is a causal relationship between two variables, it is necessary to conduct an experiment in which the cause is manipulated and the effect is measured. If the manipulation of the cause causes the effect to change, then there is evidence of a causal relationship.<\/p>\n
D. None of the mentioned<\/strong><\/p>\nThe answer is B. Confounding<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"[amp_mcq option1=”Correlation” option2=”Confounding” option3=”Causation” option4=”None of the mentioned” correct=”option2″]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[734],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-57077","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-introduction-to-data-science","no-featured-image-padding"],"yoast_head":"\n
Which of the following design term is perfectly applicable to the below figure?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/which-of-the-following-design-term-is-perfectly-applicable-to-the-below-figure\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Which of the following design term is perfectly applicable to the below figure?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[amp_mcq option1=”Correlation” option2=”Confounding” option3=”Causation” option4=”None of the mentioned” correct=”option2″]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/which-of-the-following-design-term-is-perfectly-applicable-to-the-below-figure\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MCQ and Quiz for Exams\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-04-16T00:55:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"rawan239\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"rawan239\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Which of the following design term is perfectly applicable to the below figure?","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/which-of-the-following-design-term-is-perfectly-applicable-to-the-below-figure\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Which of the following design term is perfectly applicable to the below figure?","og_description":"[amp_mcq option1=”Correlation” option2=”Confounding” option3=”Causation” option4=”None of the mentioned” correct=”option2″]","og_url":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/which-of-the-following-design-term-is-perfectly-applicable-to-the-below-figure\/","og_site_name":"MCQ and Quiz for Exams","article_published_time":"2024-04-16T00:55:48+00:00","author":"rawan239","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"rawan239","Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/which-of-the-following-design-term-is-perfectly-applicable-to-the-below-figure\/","url":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/which-of-the-following-design-term-is-perfectly-applicable-to-the-below-figure\/","name":"Which of the following design term is perfectly applicable to the below figure?","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/#website"},"datePublished":"2024-04-16T00:55:48+00:00","dateModified":"2024-04-16T00:55:48+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/#\/schema\/person\/5807dafeb27d2ec82344d6cbd6c3d209"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/which-of-the-following-design-term-is-perfectly-applicable-to-the-below-figure\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/which-of-the-following-design-term-is-perfectly-applicable-to-the-below-figure\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/which-of-the-following-design-term-is-perfectly-applicable-to-the-below-figure\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"mcq","item":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/category\/mcq\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Data science","item":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/category\/mcq\/data-science\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"Introduction to data science","item":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/category\/mcq\/data-science\/introduction-to-data-science\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"name":"Which of the following design term is perfectly applicable to the below figure?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/#website","url":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/","name":"MCQ and Quiz for Exams","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/#\/schema\/person\/5807dafeb27d2ec82344d6cbd6c3d209","name":"rawan239","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/761a7274f9cce048fa5b921221e7934820d74514df93ef195a9d22af0c1c9001?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/761a7274f9cce048fa5b921221e7934820d74514df93ef195a9d22af0c1c9001?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"rawan239"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com"],"url":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/author\/rawan239\/"}]}},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57077","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=57077"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57077\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=57077"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=57077"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/mcq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=57077"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}