The correct answer is (d). All of the above, V.A. Smith, P.E. Roberts, and V. D. Savarkar, termed the uprising of 1857 as the first war of independence.
V.A. Smith was a British historian who wrote a book called “The Oxford History of India” in 1919. In this book, he called the uprising of 1857 the “First War of Indian Independence.”
P.E. Roberts was another British historian who wrote a book called “History of British India” in 1923. In this book, he also called the uprising of 1857 the “First War of Indian Independence.”
V. D. Savarkar was an Indian independence activist who wrote a book called “The Indian War of Independence” in 1909. In this book, he also called the uprising of 1857 the “First War of Indian Independence.”
The uprising of 1857 was a major rebellion against the British East India Company in India. It began on May 10, 1857, when sepoys (Indian soldiers) in the British army mutinied at Meerut. The rebellion spread quickly to other parts of India, and by the end of 1857, it had involved millions of people. The British eventually suppressed the rebellion, but it had a profound impact on Indian history. It led to the end of the British East India Company’s rule in India, and it also helped to inspire the Indian independence movement.
There is no one definitive answer to the question of whether the uprising of 1857 should be called the “First War of Indian Independence.” Some historians argue that it should not be called a war of independence because it was not a unified movement with a single goal. Others argue that it should be called a war of independence because it was a major rebellion against British rule. Ultimately, the question of whether the uprising of 1857 should be called the “First War of Indian Independence” is a matter of historical interpretation.