The correct answer is (d). Arne Naess was a Norwegian philosopher and ecologist who is considered the founder of deep ecology. He coined the term in 1973 in an article titled “The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movements: A Summary”. In this article, Naess contrasted deep ecology with the “shallow” ecology movement, which he saw as focused on environmental protection and conservation. Deep ecology, on the other hand, is a more radical approach that seeks to fundamentally change the way humans relate to the natural world. Naess argued that humans should see themselves as part of nature, rather than separate from it, and that we should have an ethical obligation to protect all life.
E.P. Odum was an American ecologist who is considered one of the founders of modern ecology. He did not use the term “deep ecology”.
C. Raunkiaer was a Danish botanist who developed a system for classifying plant life based on their survival strategies. He did not use the term “deep ecology”.
F.E. Clements was an American botanist who is considered one of the founders of the field of plant ecology. He did not use the term “deep ecology”.