The correct answer is (c) Louis Wirth.
Louis Wirth was a German-American sociologist who is best known for his work on urbanism. In his 1938 essay “Urbanism as a Way of Life,” Wirth argued that urbanism is a way of life that is characterized by a high degree of social and physical mobility, a diversity of people and cultures, and a lack of social cohesion.
Oscar Lewis was an American anthropologist who is best known for his work on poverty and the culture of poverty. Thomas Weber is a German sociologist who is best known for his work on globalization. M. Spencer was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, and sociologist who is best known for his work on social Darwinism.
Oscar Lewis’s work on poverty and the culture of poverty has been criticized for being deterministic and for essentializing poverty. Thomas Weber’s work on globalization has been criticized for being too focused on the economic aspects of globalization and for neglecting the social and cultural aspects of globalization. M. Spencer’s work on social Darwinism has been criticized for being racist and for justifying inequality.