The correct answer is: C. Muhammad Iqbal
Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) was a poet, philosopher, and politician who is considered one of the most influential figures in the development of modern Urdu literature. He was born in Sialkot, British India (now Pakistan), and educated at Government College University in Lahore. After graduating, he worked as a lawyer in Lahore and Hyderabad, Deccan. In 1905, he moved to London to study law at Lincoln’s Inn. While in London, he met and befriended the poet Thomas Edward Hulme, who introduced him to the work of Friedrich Nietzsche. Iqbal’s early poetry was influenced by Persian and Urdu literary traditions, but after his exposure to Nietzsche’s philosophy, he began to write poetry that was more philosophical and political in nature.
In 1908, Iqbal returned to India and began to lecture on philosophy and literature at Government College University. He also began to write poetry that was more explicitly political, calling for Indian independence from British rule. In 1916, he published his most famous poem, “Shikwa” (“Complaint”), which was a scathing indictment of British rule in India.
In 1920, Iqbal was invited to the Second Round Table Conference in London, where he represented the Indian National Congress. He also attended the Third Round Table Conference in 1932. At these conferences, he argued for a united India that would be independent from British rule.
Iqbal died in Lahore in 1938. He is considered one of the most important figures in the history of Urdu literature and is often called the “Shaiar-e-Millat” (“Poet of the Nation”). His poetry has been translated into many languages and continues to be read and studied by people all over the world.
The other options are:
- A. Faiz Ahmad Faiz (1911-1984) was a Pakistani poet, writer, and political activist. He is considered one of the most important Urdu poets of the 20th century. His poetry is known for its social and political commentary, as well as its lyrical beauty.
- B. Josh Malihabadi (1898-1982) was an Indian poet and writer. He is considered one of the most important Urdu poets of the 20th century. His poetry is known for its romantic and mystical themes.
- D. Firaq Gorakhpuri (1896-1982) was an Indian poet and writer. He is considered one of the most important Urdu poets of the 20th century. His poetry is known for its social and political commentary, as well as its lyrical beauty.