Who among the following has/have coined the term 'Bullock Capitalists'

Who among the following has/have coined the term ‘Bullock Capitalists’ ?

Lloyd Rudolph and Susanne Rudolph

Mary Fainsod

Andre Gunder Frank

Karl Marx

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This question was previously asked in

UPSC CISF-AC-EXE – 2021

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The term ‘Bullock Capitalists’ was coined by political scientists Lloyd Rudolph and Susanne Rudolph. They used this term to describe a class of dominant farmers in India who emerged as a significant political and economic force, particularly after the Green Revolution. These farmers possessed considerable landholdings, invested in modern agricultural technology, and wielded political influence.

The term reflects the transition from traditional agrarian practices (symbolized by the bullock) to more modern, capital-intensive farming (capitalism), highlighting the hybrid nature of this class. The Rudolphs’ work on the political economy of India often analyzed the social and political consequences of economic changes and the structure of power.

Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph were American scholars specializing in South Asian studies. Their notable works include “The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India” and “In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State.” The concept of ‘Bullock Capitalists’ is part of their analysis of the changing rural power structure and its impact on Indian politics.

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