Who among the following first used the term 'Industrial Revolution' in

Who among the following first used the term ‘Industrial Revolution’ in English to describe the changes that occurred in British industrial development between 1760 and 1820 ?

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Karl Marx

Georges Michelet

Arnold Toynbee

Friedrich Engels

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UPSC NDA-1 – 2018

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The correct answer is C.

While the term “Industrial Revolution” was used earlier, particularly by French writers like Georges Michelet (in French) and possibly in English in less prominent contexts, Arnold Toynbee (1852–1883), a British economic historian, is widely credited with popularizing the term in English to describe the economic transformation of Great Britain between 1760 and 1820. His posthumously published “Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the 18th Century in England” (1884) were highly influential in establishing this period and the term in historical discourse. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote extensively on the conditions brought about by industrialization but are not credited with the initial use or popularization of this specific term for this period in English.

Toynbee’s work emphasized the social consequences of industrialization, such as urbanization and the condition of the working class, alongside the technological and economic changes. His interpretation shaped much subsequent historical analysis of the period.

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