The correct answer is: d) All of the above
Economic hardship due to British policies: The British East India Company had been in control of much of India since the 17th century, and their policies had a significant impact on the local economy. The Company imposed high taxes on Indian goods, which made it difficult for Indian businesses to compete with British ones. In addition, the Company often forced Indian farmers to grow cash crops, such as indigo, instead of food crops, which led to food shortages and famine.
Dissatisfaction among zamindars and former ruling elites: The zamindars were a class of landowners who had traditionally held a great deal of power in India. However, the British East India Company undermined their power by taking control of land revenue collection. This led to a great deal of resentment among the zamindars, who saw the British as usurpers.
Social and religious grievances: The British East India Company also introduced a number of social and religious reforms that were unpopular with many Indians. For example, the Company abolished the practice of sati, or widow burning, and tried to impose Western-style education on Indian children. These reforms were seen as an attack on traditional Indian culture and religion, and they contributed to a sense of unrest among the population.
In conclusion, there were a number of underlying factors in Andhra Pradesh that contributed to a sense of unrest during the time of the 1857 Revolt. These included economic hardship due to British policies, dissatisfaction among zamindars and former ruling elites, and social and religious grievances.