The correct answer is (d) Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP).
The Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) was the first ever rural poverty alleviation programme launched in India in 1978. It was a centrally sponsored scheme with the objective of providing assistance to the poorest of the poor families in rural areas to enable them to cross the poverty line. The IRDP was implemented through a block-level bureaucracy and was based on the concept of targeting the poorest of the poor.
The IRDP was a demand-driven scheme, which meant that the beneficiaries were selected on the basis of their demand for assistance. The selection of beneficiaries was done through a process of household survey, which was conducted by the block-level bureaucracy. The IRDP provided assistance in the form of loans, subsidies, and training to the beneficiaries. The loans were provided by banks and the subsidies were provided by the government. The training was provided by the government and NGOs.
The IRDP was a successful programme in terms of reaching the poorest of the poor. However, it was not successful in terms of reducing poverty. The main reason for this was that the IRDP did not address the root causes of poverty, such as lack of education, lack of employment opportunities, and lack of access to healthcare.
The IRDP was replaced by the Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) in 1999. The SGSY was a more comprehensive programme than the IRDP and it addressed the root causes of poverty. The SGSY was also more successful in terms of reducing poverty.
The IRDP was a landmark programme in the history of rural development in India. It was the first ever programme that was specifically designed to address the problem of rural poverty. The IRDP was a successful programme in terms of reaching the poorest of the poor. However, it was not successful in terms of reducing poverty. The main reason for this was that the IRDP did not address the root causes of poverty.