The correct answer is: All of the above.
Generative CAI is a technique that uses artificial intelligence to create customized learning experiences for students. It does this by analyzing the student’s performance on previous tasks and then generating new tasks that are tailored to the student’s individual needs.
Specification by example is a technique that allows users to specify the desired behavior of a program by providing examples of the desired output. The program then uses these examples to generate the code that produces the desired output.
Non-hierarchical planning is a technique that allows programs to plan their actions without having to explicitly specify a hierarchical structure of goals. This makes it possible for programs to plan complex actions that would be difficult or impossible to plan using a hierarchical planning approach.
Each of these techniques is being investigated as an approach to automatic programming. Automatic programming is the process of generating code from a high-level description of a program’s desired behavior. This is a challenging task, but it has the potential to revolutionize the way that software is developed.
Generative CAI has the potential to make learning more effective and efficient by providing students with personalized learning experiences. Specification by example has the potential to make programming more accessible to non-programmers by allowing them to specify the desired behavior of a program without having to write code. Non-hierarchical planning has the potential to make programming more flexible and adaptable by allowing programs to plan their actions without having to explicitly specify a hierarchical structure of goals.
These are just a few of the many techniques that are being investigated as approaches to automatic programming. Automatic programming is a rapidly evolving field, and it is likely that new and innovative techniques will be developed in the years to come.