Which one of the following would be considered as Foreign Direct Inves

Which one of the following would be considered as Foreign Direct Investment ?

A foreign company buying shares in stock exchanges in India
A foreign country pension fund investing in Indian stock markets
A foreign merchant banker buying shares from Indian stock markets
A foreign entity setting up an educational institution in India
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2022
A foreign entity setting up an educational institution in India would be considered as Foreign Direct Investment.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an investment made by a firm or individual in one country into business interests located in another country. FDI typically involves establishing a lasting interest or controlling ownership in a foreign enterprise. This can be done by establishing a new business (greenfield investment) or acquiring a significant stake in an existing one.
– Options A, B, and C describe portfolio investment, which involves buying shares purely for financial return without seeking management control. Investing in stock markets (unless it’s a significant stake aiming for control) is typically portfolio investment.
– Option D, setting up a new educational institution, involves creating physical infrastructure, employing staff, and operating a business in India, representing a clear instance of greenfield FDI.
FDI is distinct from Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI). FDI is seen as bringing not just capital but also technology, management expertise, and market access. FPI is more liquid and focuses on short-term financial gains.