Which one of the following statements regarding S-waves is not corre

Which one of the following statements regarding S-waves is not correct ?

S-waves are slower than P-waves.
During an earthquake S-waves are less destructive to structures like buildings and highway overpasses.
S-waves can travel only through solids and cannot travel through the Earth's outer core.
Seismologists have concluded that the Earth's outer core must be liquid or fluid.
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-2 – 2024
Statement A is correct. P-waves (primary waves) are compressional waves and travel faster through the Earth’s layers than S-waves (secondary waves), which are shear waves. P-waves are the first to arrive at a seismic station.

Statement B is incorrect. S-waves cause particles to move perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, resulting in a shearing motion. This sideways and vertical shaking motion is generally more damaging and destructive to structures like buildings, bridges, and overpasses compared to the push-pull motion of P-waves.

Statement C is correct. S-waves can only travel through solid materials because they rely on the rigidity of the medium to transmit the shear force. Liquids and gases have no rigidity, so S-waves cannot propagate through them. The Earth’s outer core is known to be liquid.

Statement D is correct. The observation that S-waves generated by earthquakes do not pass through the Earth’s outer core is the primary seismological evidence indicating that the outer core is in a liquid or fluid state.

– S-waves are slower than P-waves.
– S-waves are generally more destructive than P-waves due to their shearing motion.
– S-waves cannot travel through liquids.
– The absence of S-waves in the outer core indicates it is liquid.
Seismology, the study of earthquakes and seismic waves, is the main tool used by geophysicists to understand the internal structure and composition of the Earth. P-waves can travel through solids, liquids, and gases, albeit at different speeds.