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Which one of the following statements on the issue of ownership accord

June 1, 2025 by rawan239

Which one of the following statements on the issue of ownership according to Smriti literature is not correct ?

The paternal estate was to be divided equally amongst sons.

Women were allowed to retain the gifts they received on the occasion of their marriage.

The gifts to women on the occasion of their marriage were known as Stridhana.

Stridhana was not inherited by the children without the permission of the husband.

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UPSC CDS-2 – 2022

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According to Smriti literature, Stridhana was a woman’s absolute property, comprising gifts received at marriage, from paternal relatives, etc. Women were allowed to retain these gifts (statement B), and these gifts were indeed known as Stridhana (statement C). The paternal estate was primarily inherited by sons and was divided equally among them in many cases (statement A). However, Stridhana was inheritable by the woman’s own heirs upon her death, typically her daughters first, and then her sons, according to specific rules laid down in the Smritis. The husband’s permission was generally not required for the children to inherit their mother’s Stridhana; it devolved upon her death based on the prescribed rules of succession for Stridhana. Therefore, statement D is incorrect.

Stridhana represented a form of economic security and independent property for women in ancient India, recognized by Smriti law. Its inheritance pattern was distinct from that of other forms of property.

The definition and scope of Stridhana, as well as the rules regarding its inheritance, varied slightly among different Smritis (e.g., Manu Smriti, Yajnavalkya Smriti, Narada Smriti) and commentators (like Jimutavahana or Vijnaneshwara), but the core concept of it being a woman’s separate, inheritable property was consistent. The husband had limited rights over Stridhana during her lifetime, primarily in times of distress, but this did not extend to controlling its inheritance by her children.

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