The correct answer is (d) 10th Schedule.
The 10th Schedule to the Constitution of India, also known as the Anti-Defection Law, was enacted in 1985 to prevent defections in Parliament and state legislatures. The law provides for the disqualification of a member of Parliament or state legislature if he or she voluntarily gives up membership of his or her party or joins another party without the prior permission of the party. The law also provides for the disqualification of a member if he or she votes against the party on a motion of confidence or no-confidence.
The 10th Schedule has been amended several times since its enactment. The most recent amendment was made in 2013. The amendment introduced a provision for the disqualification of a member if he or she is found guilty of anti-party activities.
The 10th Schedule has been controversial since its enactment. Some people have argued that it is an undemocratic law that stifles dissent. Others have argued that it is a necessary law to prevent political instability.
The 10th Schedule has been challenged in the Supreme Court on several occasions. The Supreme Court has upheld the law, but it has also made some important changes to the law. For example, the Supreme Court has ruled that the 10th Schedule does not apply to a member who is elected as an independent candidate and later joins a political party.
The 10th Schedule has had a significant impact on Indian politics. It has helped to reduce the number of defections in Parliament and state legislatures. It has also helped to make political parties more stable.
The 10th Schedule is a complex law. It is important to understand the law in order to understand Indian politics.