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Which one of the following prompted the Mughals to enter into trade ne

June 1, 2025 by rawan239

Which one of the following prompted the Mughals to enter into trade negotiations with the English in the early 17th century?

The English victory over the Portuguese fleet off Swally in 1612

The gifts sent by the English king to the Mughal emperor

The diplomatic skills of William Hawkins

The skills of Sir Thomas Roe

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CISF-AC-EXE – 2017

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The English victory over the Portuguese fleet off Swally in 1612 prompted the Mughals to enter into trade negotiations with the English.

The Portuguese held a dominant position in maritime trade on the west coast of India in the early 17th century and were hostile to other European powers. When the English East India Company ship, the *Hector*, under William Hawkins, arrived at Surat in 1608 seeking permission for trade, the Portuguese actively obstructed their efforts. The English victory over the Portuguese fleet at the Battle of Swally (or Suvali) near Surat in November 1612 was a crucial turning point. This naval defeat demonstrated the English’s superior fighting capabilities and broke the perception of Portuguese invincibility at sea, impressing the Mughal authorities in Surat and the Emperor Jahangir. It convinced the Mughals that the English could be effective partners and rivals to the Portuguese, opening the door for formal trade agreements.

While diplomatic efforts by figures like William Hawkins and later Sir Thomas Roe (who arrived in 1615 and successfully secured a trade treaty) were important, the tangible demonstration of military strength at Swally was the key event that significantly altered the Mughal calculus and paved the way for sustained negotiations and the establishment of English factories. Gifts were common diplomatic tools but not the primary prompt in this context.

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