The correct answer is (b). Ratio level is the most refined level of measurement because it has all the properties of the other levels of measurement, plus an additional property: a meaningful zero point. This means that the ratio between any two values on a ratio scale is meaningful. For example, if a person weighs 100 pounds and another person weighs 150 pounds, we can say that the second person weighs 50% more than the first person.
Ordinal level is the second most refined level of measurement. It has all the properties of nominal level measurement, plus an additional property: order. This means that the values on an ordinal scale can be ranked in order from least to greatest. For example, if we have a scale of job satisfaction with the values “very satisfied,” “satisfied,” “neutral,” “dissatisfied,” and “very dissatisfied,” we can say that a person who is “very satisfied” is more satisfied than a person who is “satisfied.”
Nominal level is the least refined level of measurement. It does not have any of the properties of the other levels of measurement. The values on a nominal scale are simply labels that do not have any order or meaning. For example, if we have a scale of hair color with the values “blonde,” “brown,” “black,” and “red,” we cannot say that a person with blonde hair is more or less than a person with brown hair.
(d) None of the above is not a correct answer.