Which one of the following is the international convention agreement s

Which one of the following is the international convention agreement specifying the commitments of different countries to mitigate climate change?

Montreal Protocol

Kyoto Protocol

Paris Agreement

Bali Agreement

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UPSC Geoscientist – 2023

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The Paris Agreement is an international treaty adopted in 2015 under the framework of the UNFCCC. It is the current major global agreement where countries formally commit to mitigating climate change by submitting Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) outlining their efforts to reduce emissions and adapt to climate change impacts. While the Kyoto Protocol also specified commitments (legally binding targets for Annex I countries), the Paris Agreement involves commitments from all parties and is the operative framework for global climate action commitments today.

– Paris Agreement (2015) requires all parties to submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) specifying their climate action goals.
– Kyoto Protocol (1997) set legally binding emission reduction targets for industrialized countries (Annex I parties) for specific commitment periods.
– Montreal Protocol (1987) addresses ozone-depleting substances, not greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change.
– Bali Action Plan (2007) was a roadmap towards a new climate agreement, not the agreement itself.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the parent treaty for both the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. The Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.

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