Which one of the following is the correct meaning of the term 'State',

Which one of the following is the correct meaning of the term ‘State’, as defined in Article 12 of the Constitution of India ?

It refers only to the Government of India.

It refers only to the Government of India and the Parliament of India.

It refers only to the Government of India, Parliament of India, Governments and Legislatures of each State.

It refers to the Government of India, Parliament of India, Governments and Legislatures of each State, and all local or other authorities within the territory of India.

Answer is Right!

Answer is Wrong!

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-2 – 2021

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Article 12 of the Constitution defines the term ‘State’ for the purpose of Part III (Fundamental Rights). According to Article 12, “the State” includes:
1. The Government and Parliament of India.
2. The Government and the Legislature of each State.
3. All local and other authorities within the territory of India.
4. All local and other authorities under the control of the Government of India.
Option D accurately encompasses all these components, providing the comprehensive definition of ‘State’ as given in Article 12.

Article 12 defines ‘State’ broadly to include Union and State governments and legislatures, as well as local and other authorities within India’s territory or under its control.

The definition of ‘State’ is crucial for the enforceability of Fundamental Rights, as these rights are primarily enforceable against ‘the State’. The term ‘other authorities’ has been interpreted broadly by the Supreme Court over time to include various entities that have governmental functions or are deeply controlled by the government, such as public sector undertakings, universities, etc.

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