The correct answer is (d).
The Anti-Defection Law is a law in India that was enacted in 1985 to prevent defections in the Indian Parliament and state legislatures. The law prohibits members of a political party from defecting to another party without the permission of the party’s leadership. The law also provides for the disqualification of members who defect.
The law has been controversial since its inception, with some arguing that it stifles democracy and prevents the formation of new political parties. However, the law has also been praised for its role in maintaining political stability in India.
(a) En-bloc defections in a Party: En-bloc defections are when a large number of members of a political party defect to another party at the same time. This type of defection is covered by the Anti-Defection Law.
(b) Larger defection in a Party in various spell: Larger defections in a Party in various spell are when a number of members of a political party defect to another party over a period of time. This type of defection is also covered by the Anti-Defection Law.
(c) Smaller defection in a single spell: Smaller defection in a single spell is when a small number of members of a political party defect to another party at the same time. This type of defection is not covered by the Anti-Defection Law.
(d) Party members in Parliament casting vote either to topple or support a Government: Party members in Parliament casting vote either to topple or support a Government is not covered by the Anti-Defection Law. This is because the law only applies to defections from one political party to another.