Which one of the following is not a source of political legitimacy?

Which one of the following is not a source of political legitimacy?

Consent
Rational prudence
Political will of the ruler
Public reason
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CAPF – 2016
The correct option is C.
Political legitimacy refers to the right and acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a regime. Common sources of political legitimacy include consent of the governed, tradition, charisma, and rational-legal authority (based on established laws and procedures).
– Consent (A): In democratic theory, the legitimacy of the government is derived from the consent of the people it governs. This is a primary source of legitimacy.
– Rational prudence (B): While prudent decision-making by a ruler or government might contribute to its effectiveness and public acceptance over time, “rational prudence” itself is not typically considered a fundamental *source* of political legitimacy in the way consent, tradition, or legal-rational rules are. It describes a quality of governance rather than the basis of the right to govern.
– Political will of the ruler (C): Legitimacy is distinct from mere power. A ruler exercising power solely based on their ‘political will’ without justification derived from consent, law, or tradition is often seen as arbitrary rule, lacking legitimacy. In fact, rule based purely on the ruler’s will is often contrasted with legitimate rule.
– Public reason (D): Associated with liberal political philosophy, public reason (where political decisions are justifiable to all citizens based on reasons they can reasonably accept) is considered a source of legitimacy for laws and policies in a democratic society.
Comparing the options, the “political will of the ruler,” when considered as the *sole* basis for authority, is the least likely to be regarded as a source of legitimacy in political science, as it implies arbitrary power rather than justified authority.
Max Weber identified three pure types of legitimate domination: traditional (based on custom and history), charismatic (based on the leader’s personal appeal), and rational-legal (based on codified laws and procedures). Modern discussions of legitimacy often build upon or critique these types, incorporating concepts like consent, justice, and public reason. Arbitrary will is generally not considered a legitimate basis for rule.