Which one of the following is not a basic factor in soil formation?

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Which one of the following is not a basic factor in soil formation?

Climate
Biological activity
Human activity (agriculture)
Time
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CBI DSP LDCE – 2023
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Human activity (agriculture) is generally considered an important factor influencing soil properties and development, but not one of the five fundamental *basic* factors of soil formation.
The five generally accepted basic factors of soil formation, often remembered by the acronym CLORPT, are: CLimate, Organisms (biological activity), Relief (topography), Parent material, and Time. While human activities like agriculture significantly modify soil, they are typically categorized as external influences or pedoturbation rather than inherent basic factors that initiate or fundamentally govern soil development from parent material.
Other human activities that impact soil include deforestation, urbanization, pollution, and irrigation. These activities can accelerate or retard soil processes, alter soil structure, composition, and fertility, but they operate upon the soil-forming processes governed by the basic factors.

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