Which one of the following is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

Which one of the following is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂O
CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂
2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO
Na₂SO₄ + BaCl₂ → BaSO₄ + 2NaCl
This question was previously asked in
UPSC NDA-2 – 2018
An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed. This involves the transfer of electrons.
Let’s check the oxidation states of elements in each reaction:
A) NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂O: Na (+1→+1), O (-2→-2), H (+1→+1), Cl (-1→-1). No change in oxidation states. This is an acid-base neutralization reaction.
B) CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂: Ca (+2→+2), O (-2→-2), H (+1→+1). No change in oxidation states. This is a combination reaction.
C) 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO: Mg (0→+2), O (0→-2). Magnesium’s oxidation state increases from 0 to +2 (oxidation). Oxygen’s oxidation state decreases from 0 to -2 (reduction). This is a redox reaction.
D) Na₂SO₄ + BaCl₂ → BaSO₄ + 2NaCl: Na (+1→+1), S (+6→+6), O (-2→-2), Ba (+2→+2), Cl (-1→-1). No change in oxidation states. This is a double displacement (precipitation) reaction.
Redox reactions are characterized by changes in the oxidation states of the participating atoms. Oxidation is the loss of electrons (increase in oxidation state), and reduction is the gain of electrons (decrease in oxidation state). Elemental substances (like Mg and O₂) have an oxidation state of 0.
Many common reactions are redox reactions, including combustion, corrosion, and cellular respiration. Acid-base neutralization and simple precipitation reactions typically do not involve changes in oxidation states and are therefore not redox reactions.