Which one of the following groups is called 'amphibians of plant

Which one of the following groups is called ‘amphibians of plant kingdom’?

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Bryophytes

Thallophytes

Pteridophytes

Gymnosperms

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This question was previously asked in

UPSC NDA-1 – 2022

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Bryophytes, which include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, are often referred to as the ‘amphibians of the plant kingdom’. This is because, while they are terrestrial plants inhabiting damp environments, they are dependent on water for fertilization. The male gametes (sperms) of bryophytes are motile and require a film of water to swim to the egg cell. This dependence on water for reproduction is analogous to how amphibians (like frogs) live on land but require water for breeding.

Bryophytes require water for sexual reproduction, linking their life cycle to moist environments, hence the term ‘amphibians of the plant kingdom’.

Thallophytes is an older, artificial grouping. Pteridophytes (ferns) are vascular plants that also require water for fertilization, but bryophytes represent an earlier evolutionary step towards land plants and are more strongly associated with this term. Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are fully terrestrial and do not require external water for fertilization (pollen is transferred by wind, insects, etc.).

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