Which one of the following forms of Constitution contains the features

Which one of the following forms of Constitution contains the features of both the Unitary and Federal Constitution ?

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Unitary

Federal

Quasi-Federal

Quasi-Unitary

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This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-2 – 2019

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The Quasi-Federal form of Constitution contains features of both the Unitary and Federal Constitution.

A Unitary constitution concentrates power in the central government, while a Federal constitution divides power between central and regional governments, each being supreme in its sphere. Many modern constitutions, like India’s, blend these features.

A Unitary state has a single, supreme central government that controls all levels of government. A Federal state divides powers between a central government and constituent states or provinces, as seen in the USA or Canada. A Quasi-Federal system (or often described as federal with unitary bias) is one where the constitution has characteristics of both federal and unitary systems. India is frequently described as quasi-federal because it has a federal structure with division of powers, but the central government possesses significant overriding powers (e.g., during emergencies, formation of new states, appointment of Governors, integrated judiciary). This blend means it is neither purely unitary nor purely federal, but quasi-federal. The term “quasi-unitary” is not standard terminology used to describe constitutions that blend both features; “quasi-federal” is the widely accepted term for a system that has federal characteristics but with strong centralizing tendencies.

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