The correct answer is (b), 53rd Amendment.
The 53rd Amendment to the Constitution of India, enacted in 1985, introduced the anti-defection provision in the Constitution for the first time. The provision was aimed at preventing legislators from switching parties without the consent of their constituents. The amendment also laid down the procedure for disqualification of legislators on grounds of defection.
The anti-defection provision has been controversial since its inception. Some have argued that it is undemocratic and infringes on the freedom of legislators to choose their own party. Others have argued that it is necessary to prevent political instability and ensure that the government is accountable to the people.
The Supreme Court of India has upheld the constitutional validity of the anti-defection provision, but it has also laid down certain guidelines for its implementation. The Court has held that the provision should be applied in a fair and reasonable manner, and that it should not be used to stifle dissent or to prevent legislators from representing the interests of their constituents.
The anti-defection provision has had a significant impact on Indian politics. It has helped to reduce the number of defections and to make the government more stable. However, it has also led to some unintended consequences, such as the creation of a large number of independent legislators.
The anti-defection provision is a complex and controversial issue. It is likely to continue to be debated and litigated in the years to come.
The other options are incorrect because they do not refer to the anti-defection provision. The 54th Amendment, enacted in 1986, dealt with the issue of reservation for women in Parliament and State Legislatures. The 52nd Amendment, enacted in 1975, was a controversial amendment that sought to extend the term of the President and Parliament. The 51st Amendment, enacted in 1974, was a relatively minor amendment that dealt with the issue of representation of the Anglo-Indian community in Parliament.