Which one of the following caused the ruin of the rural artisan indust

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Which one of the following caused the ruin of the rural artisan industries in India in the 19th Century?

Flooding of Indian markets with machine-produced goods on a mass scale
Promotion of urban craftsmen
Promotion of expensive silk and woollen goods
Import of raw materials from Britain at high prices
This question was previously asked in
UPSC Geoscientist – 2022
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The flooding of Indian markets with machine-produced goods on a mass scale caused the ruin of the rural artisan industries in India in the 19th Century.
Under British rule, India’s economy was integrated into the global capitalist system primarily as a supplier of raw materials and a market for British manufactured goods. Cheap, mass-produced textiles and other goods from industrialized Britain flooded the Indian market, making the products of traditional Indian handloom and handicraft industries uncompetitive, leading to their decline and the impoverishment of rural artisans. This process is often termed ‘deindustrialization’.
Other factors like discriminatory tariff policies (free trade for British goods entering India, tariffs on Indian textiles entering Britain) also contributed to the decline, but the fundamental cause was the inability of handmade goods to compete with factory production.

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