The correct answer is (d).
The proximity rule, theory of impossibility, and object theory are all theories of attempt that have been applied in Indian courts. The Durhum rule, on the other hand, is not a theory of attempt. It is a defense to criminal liability that can be raised in certain cases.
The proximity rule is a common law rule that holds that an attempt to commit a crime occurs when the defendant has taken a substantial step towards the commission of the crime. The theory of impossibility holds that an attempt to commit a crime can be punished even if the crime is impossible to commit. The object theory holds that an attempt to commit a crime occurs when the defendant has the intention to commit the crime and has taken a step towards the commission of the crime.
The Durhum rule is a defense to criminal liability that can be raised in certain cases. The rule holds that a person is not guilty of a crime if they acted under a reasonable belief that their actions were lawful.
In the case of Section 511 of the Indian Penal Code, the proximity rule, theory of impossibility, and object theory have all been applied by Indian courts. The Durhum rule, on the other hand, has not been applied in any Indian court cases.