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Which one among the following phenomena includes processes, such as pr

June 1, 2025 by rawan239

Which one among the following phenomena includes processes, such as production, predation, nutrient transformation, and the influx and efflux of energy and materials ?

Ecological function

Ecosystem function

Ecosystem structure

Biogeochemical cycles

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CAPF – 2011

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The phenomenon that includes processes like production, predation, nutrient transformation, and the influx and efflux of energy and materials is known as ecosystem function.

Ecosystem functions are the physical, chemical, and biological processes that take place within an ecosystem. These include primary production (conversion of light energy into organic matter, ‘production’), consumption (herbivory, predation), decomposition (breakdown of organic matter, leading to ‘nutrient transformation’), and the overall flow of energy and cycling of materials (‘influx and efflux of energy and materials’). These processes describe how an ecosystem works and maintains itself.

Ecological function is a broader term that could refer to the role of an organism or a process within an ecosystem, but “ecosystem function” specifically describes the sum of processes within the ecosystem itself. Ecosystem structure refers to the composition of the ecosystem (species, biomass, etc.). Biogeochemical cycles are specific pathways of elemental cycling, which are *part* of ecosystem functions but do not encompass all the processes listed (like production and predation as energy flow components).

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