Which one among the following amounts to retrenchment?

Which one among the following amounts to retrenchment?

X retires from his services on reaching the age of superannuation
X is terminated from his services due to non-renewal of his employment contract
X is terminated by his employer for any reasons whatsoever
X is terminated from his employment by way of punishment inflicted by way of disciplinary action
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CISF-AC-EXE – 2024
Section 2(oo) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 defines “retrenchment” as the termination by the employer of the service of a workman for any reason whatsoever, otherwise than as a punishment inflicted by way of disciplinary action. The definition explicitly lists certain exclusions.
– Option A (retirement on superannuation) is excluded by Section 2(oo)(a).
– Option B (termination due to non-renewal of contract) is excluded by Section 2(oo)(bb).
– Option D (termination as punishment) is excluded by the main definition itself (“otherwise than as a punishment”).
– Option C describes the general case of termination for *any* reason whatsoever, which is the core definition of retrenchment, provided it does not fall under any of the specified exclusions. Since A, B, and D are specific exclusions, C represents a situation that *amounts to* retrenchment.
The question tests the statutory definition of ‘retrenchment’ under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, and its specific exclusions.
Besides voluntary retirement, superannuation, non-renewal of contract, and punishment, termination due to continued ill-health and termination as a result of the closure of the undertaking are also generally excluded from the definition of retrenchment under Section 2(oo).
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