The correct answer is: B. Hypothesis testing
Hypothesis testing is a statistical procedure used to determine whether a claim about a population parameter is true or false. The claim is called the null hypothesis, and the alternative hypothesis is the claim that the null hypothesis is false.
Hypothesis testing is used in a variety of fields, including science, medicine, and business. It is a powerful tool for making decisions about the world around us.
Probability is the study of chance. It is concerned with the likelihood of events occurring. Probability is used in a variety of fields, including statistics, gambling, and insurance.
Causal testing is used to determine whether one event causes another. Causal testing is more difficult than hypothesis testing, because it is difficult to isolate the effects of one variable on another.
None of the mentioned is not the correct answer.